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Review
. 2022 Aug 18;14(4):1023-1050.
doi: 10.1007/s12551-022-00990-2. eCollection 2022 Aug.

Cardiovascular biomarkers in body fluids: progress and prospects in optical sensors

Reena V John  1 , Tom Devasiya  2 , Nidheesh V R  1 , Sphurti Adigal  1 , Jijo Lukose  1 , V B Kartha  1 , Santhosh Chidangil  1
Affiliations
Review

Cardiovascular biomarkers in body fluids: progress and prospects in optical sensors

Reena V John et al. Biophys Rev. .

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the major causative factors for high mortality and morbidity in developing and developed nations. The biomarker detection plays a crucial role in the early diagnosis of several non-infectious and life-threatening diseases like CVD and many cancers, which in turn will help in more successful therapy, reducing the mortality rate. Biomarkers have diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic significances. The search for novel biomarkers using proteomics, bio-sensing, micro-fluidics, and spectroscopic techniques with good sensitivity and specificity for CVD is progressing rapidly at present, in addition to the use of gold standard biomarkers like troponin. This review is dealing with the current progress and prospects in biomarker research for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. Expert opinion. Fast diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) can help to provide rapid medical intervention, which can affect the patient's short and long-term health. Identification and detection of proper biomarkers for early diagnosis are crucial for successful therapy and prognosis of CVDs. The present review discusses the analysis of clinical samples such as whole blood, blood serum, and other body fluids using techniques like high-performance liquid chromatography-LASER/LED-induced fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy, mainly, optical methods, combined with nanotechnology and micro-fluidic technologies, to probe patterns of multiple markers (marker signatures) as compared to conventional techniques.

Keywords: Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Omics methods; Spectroscopy techniques.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interestThe authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The Gal3 immunosensor has been built using the Au/MPS/(PDDA/GO)n platform, as shown in this schematic (Primo et al. 2018) [Reproduced with permission]
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Schematic diagram SPR biosensor based on MMWCNTs-PDA immune probe for the detection of cTnI (Wu et al. 2017). [reproduced with permission]
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Score plot (PC1 vs. PC2) in PCA space with autoscale obtained from k-NN analysis of PCS and normal breath samples. (VR et al. 2022)
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
PA signal of isoprene vapor (98 ppb) obtained using 266-nm excitation. A, B, and C are the acoustic modes of the PA cell
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Covalently bonded functional groups which are involved in the surface immobilization process are illustrated in the diagram (Adzhri et al. 2017) [reproduced with permission]
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Experimental setup for HPLC-LIF system: MI, manual injector; CL, column; PMT, photomultiplier tube; MC, monochromator; L1, L2, L3, lenses; DF, dichroic filter; QC, quartz capillary; OC, optical chopper; DM, dichroic mirror; CC, chopper controller; PA, preamplifier; LA, lock-in amplifier; PC, computer; L, laser
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Typical serum protein profiles of healthy and various cardiovascular disease conditions
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Principal component analysis results. a Scores of factor 1 vs. sample number and b sample scores of factor 1 versus scores of factor 2 (14 healthy and 11 CVD)
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
Averaged serum protein profile of normal and ACS. Inset: Protein profile in expanded scale
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
Principal component analysis results. a Sample scores of factor 1 versus scores of factor 2 and b score 1 versus score 3 (17 healthy and 32 ACS)
Fig. 11
Fig. 11
Region of serum chromatogram showing variation in the CPK peak (1800s) intensity
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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