Eclampsia a preventable tragedy: an African overview

Abstract

Eclampsia is a multisystemic disease associated with various complications which individually or in combination can lead to maternal/fetal morbidity and mortality. Developed countries and some developing countries were largely successful in reducing the incidence of eclampsia. Developing countries especially those in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are still dealing with high incidence of eclampsia. The question is why have the incidence and mortality of eclampsia remained high in SSA? The risk factors for this disease are globally the same but a critical assessment showed that there are certain risk factors that are common in Sub-Saharan Africa (multiple pregnancy, sickle cell disease, pregnancies at the extremes of reproductive age, pre-existing vasculitis). In addition, there are compounding factors (illiteracy, poverty, superstitious beliefs, poor prenatal care services, poorly trained manpower and lack of facilities to cater for patients). Addressing the menace of this disease require a holistic approach which among others, includes education to address beliefs and reduce harmful practices, poverty alleviation which will improve the ability for communities to afford health care services. Improving transport services to convey patients quickly to facilities on time when there is need. Improving the health infrastructure, building more facilities, providing trained and motivated manpower and regular supply of quality essential drugs for the management of the disease. This review is meant to analyze factors prevalent in Sub-Saharan that hinder reducing incidence of the disease and provide comprehensive and cost-effective solutions.

Keywords: Sub-Saharan Africa; eclampsia; incidence; mortality; prevalence; prevention.