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Review
. 2022 Jul 27;9(8):239.
doi: 10.3390/jcdd9080239.

Sex Differences in Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Global Perspective

F Aaysha Cader  1 , Shrilla Banerjee  2 , Martha Gulati  3
Affiliations
Review

Sex Differences in Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Global Perspective

F Aaysha Cader et al. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. .

Abstract

Despite increasing evidence and improvements in the care of acute coronary syndromes (ACS), sex disparities in presentation, comorbidities, access to care and invasive therapies remain, even in the most developed countries. Much of the currently available data are derived from more developed regions of the world, particularly Europe and the Americas. In contrast, in more resource-constrained settings, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and some parts of Asia, more data are needed to identify the prevalence of sex disparities in ACS, as well as factors responsible for these disparities, particularly cultural, socioeconomic, educational and psychosocial. This review summarizes the available evidence of sex differences in ACS, including risk factors, pathophysiology and biases in care from a global perspective, with a focus on each of the six different World Health Organization (WHO) regions of the world. Regional trends and disparities, gaps in evidence and solutions to mitigate these disparities are also discussed.

Keywords: acute coronary syndrome; cardiovascular disease; global; sex differences; women.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Sex disparities in acute coronary syndromes globally: Significant characteristics in each WHO region. World Health Organization (WHO) regions; African Region (AFR); South-East Asian Region (SEAR); European Region (EUR); Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR); Western Pacific Region (WPR). Acute coronary syndrome (ACS); Body Mass Index (BMI); Cardiovascular disease (CVD); Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR): Non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS); Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI); ST-Segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Bias in the care of women with acute coronary syndromes and actionable items to improve outcomes. Guideline Directed medical therapy (GDMT).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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