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. 2022 Nov;20(11):2579-2586.
doi: 10.1111/jth.15862. Epub 2022 Sep 4.

Quantitative interpretation of PF4/heparin-EIA optical densities in predicting platelet-activating VITT antibodies

Linda Schönborn  1 , Thomas Thiele  1 , Max Esefeld  1 , Khalil El Debuch  1 , Jan Wesche  1 , Sabrina E Seck  1 , Lars Kaderali  2 , Martina Wolff  1 , Theodore E Warkentin  3 , Andreas Greinacher  1
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Free article

Quantitative interpretation of PF4/heparin-EIA optical densities in predicting platelet-activating VITT antibodies

Linda Schönborn et al. J Thromb Haemost. 2022 Nov.
Free article

Abstract

Background: Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a prothrombotic, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)-mimicking, adverse reaction caused by platelet-activating anti-platelet factor 4 (PF4) antibodies that occurs rarely after adenovirus vector-based COVID-19 vaccination. Strength of PF4-dependent enzyme immunoassay (EIA) reactivity-judged by optical density (OD) measurements-strongly predicts platelet-activating properties of HIT antibodies in a functional test. Whether a similar relationship holds for VITT antibodies is unknown.

Objectives: To evaluate probability for positive platelet activation testing for VITT antibodies based upon EIA OD reactivity; and to investigate simple approaches to minimize false-negative platelet activation testing for VITT.

Methods: All samples referred for VITT testing were systematically evaluated by semiquantitative in-house PF4/heparin-EIA (OD readings) and PF4-induced platelet activation (PIPA) testing within a cohort study. EIA-positive sera testing PIPA-negative were retested following 1/4 to 1/10 dilution. Logistic regression was performed to predict the probability of a positive PIPA per magnitude of EIA reactivity.

Results: Greater EIA ODs in sera from patients with suspected VITT correlated strongly with greater likelihood of PIPA reactivity. Of 61 sera (with OD values >1.0) testing negative in the PIPA, a high proportion (27/61, 44.3%) became PIPA positive when tested at 1/4 to 1/10 dilution.

Conclusions: VITT serology resembles HIT in that greater EIA OD reactivity predicts higher probability of positive testing for platelet-activating antibodies. Unlike the situation with HIT antibodies, however, diluting putative VITT serum increases probability of a positive platelet activation assay, suggesting that optimal complex formation depends on the stoichiometric ratio of PF4 and anti-PF4 VITT antibodies.

Keywords: COVID-19; enzyme immunoassay; platelet factor 4; vaccination; vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia.

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