Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 Aug 11;14(8):547.
doi: 10.3390/toxins14080547.

Risk Assessment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Aflatoxin B1 Exposure in Edible Oils

Farhat Jubeen  1 , Nida Zahra  1 , Zill-I-Huma Nazli  1 , Muhammad K Saleemi  2 , Farheen Aslam  3 , Iram Naz  1 , Lamia B Farhat  4   5 , Asmaa Saleh  6 , Samar Z Alshawwa  6 , Munawar Iqbal  7
Affiliations

Risk Assessment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Aflatoxin B1 Exposure in Edible Oils

Farhat Jubeen et al. Toxins (Basel). .

Abstract

Contamination of edible oils with aflatoxins (AFs) is a universal issue due to the detrimental effects of aflatoxins on human health and the fact that edible oils are a major source of fungal growth, particularly storage fungi (Aspergillus sp.). The objective of this study was to assess aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in edible oil used in fried food in order to determine the risk of cancer from AFB1 exposure through cooked food using the FAO/WHO's and EFSA's margin of exposure (MOE) quantitative liver cancer risk approaches. Using Mycosep 226 columns and HPLC-FLD, 100 samples of cooking oils (soybean, canola, and sunflower oil) from different food points were analyzed for contamination with aflatoxins. Of all the samples tested, 89% were positive for total aflatoxins and AFB1, with 65% indicating AF concentrations beyond permitted levels. Canola oil was found to contain higher levels of AFB1 and AFs than soybean and sunflower oil. Almost 71 percent of canola oil samples (range of 54.4-281.1 µg/kg) were contaminated with AF levels higher than the proposed limits of the European Union (20 µg/kg). The consumption of canola oil samples used in fried foods had MOE values that were significantly lower as compared to sunflower and soybean oils, indicating that risk reduction is feasible. Additionally, compared to soybean and sunflower oil, canola oil exhibited a greater threat of liver cancer cases linked to AFB1 exposure (17.13 per 100,000 males over 35 and 10.93 per 100,000 females over 35). Using a quantitative liver cancer approach, health risk valuation demonstrated that males and females over the age of 35 are at significant risk of developing liver cancer. The health risk assessment exposed that the males and female over the age of 35 are at considerable risk of liver cancer by using a quantitative liver cancer approach. The innovation of this study lies in the fact that no such study is reported related to liver cancer risk evaluation accompanied with AFB1 exposure from consumed edible oil. As a result, a national strategy must be developed to solve this problem so that edible oil products are subjected to severe regulatory examination.

Keywords: AFB1; AFs; Faisalabad; HPLC; MOE; dietary intake; quantitative liver cancer; risk assessment.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Incidence of total aflatoxins (AFs), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), and Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the single and double step frying sunflower oil obtained from Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Incidence of total aflatoxins (AFs), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the single and double step frying soybean oil samples collected from Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Contamination of total aflatoxins (AFs), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the single and double step frying canola oil collected from Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Representative chromatograms of natural incidence of AFB1, AFG1, AFB2, and AFG2 in a single frying (a) sunflower oil, (b) canola oil, and (c) soybean oil and double frying (d) canola oil and (e) soybean oil cooking sample.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Representative chromatograms of natural incidence of AFB1, AFG1, AFB2, and AFG2 in a single frying (a) sunflower oil, (b) canola oil, and (c) soybean oil and double frying (d) canola oil and (e) soybean oil cooking sample.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Responses to questionnaire used in survey.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Marta G.-D., Patino B., Vazquez C., Gil-Serna J. A novel niosome-encapsulated essential oil formulation to prevent Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin contamination of maize grains during storage. Toxins. 2019;11:646. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Moein B., Javanmardi F., Sadeghi E., Shokri S., Hossieni H., Oliveira C.A., Khaneghah A.M. The prevalence of aflatoxins in commercial baby food products: A global systematic review, meta-analysis, and risk assessment study. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2021;114:100–115.
    1. Jeremy R.S., Brown D.L. Aflatoxin contamination in Haitian peanut products and maize and the safety of oil processed from contaminated peanuts. Food Control. 2015;56:114–118.
    1. Carolina F.C., Cirelli A.C., Gonçalves B.L., Barnabé E.M., Petta T., Franco L.T., Javanmardi F., Khaneghah A.M., Lee S.H., Corassin C.H. Mycotoxin occurrence in breast milk and exposure estimation of lactating mothers using urinary biomarkers in São Paulo, Brazil. Environ. Pollut. 2021;279:116938. - PubMed
    1. Xi Y., Li Z., Zhao M., Lau S.C.S., Tan H.R., Teh W.J., Yang H., Zheng C., Zhang Y. Quantification of aflatoxin B1 in vegetable oils using low temperature clean-up followed by immuno-magnetic solid phase extraction. Food Chem. 2019;275:390–396. - PubMed

Publication types