Dengue Incidence Trends and Its Burden in Major Endemic Regions from 1990 to 2019

Abstract

Background: Dengue has become one of the major vector-borne diseases, which has been an important public health concern. We aimed to estimate the disease burden of dengue in major endemic regions from 1990 to 2019, and explore the impact pattern of the socioeconomic factors on the burden of dengue based on the global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors study 2019 (GBD 2019).

Methods: Using the analytical strategies and data from the GBD 2019, we described the incidence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of dengue in major endemic regions from 1990 to 2019. Furthermore, we estimated the correlation between dengue burden and socioeconomic factors, and then established an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model to predict the epidemic trends of dengue in endemic regions. All estimates were proposed as numbers and age-standardized rates (ASR) per 100,000 population, with uncertainty intervals (UIs). The ASRs of dengue incidence were compared geographically and five regions were stratified by a sociodemographic index (SDI).

Results: A significant rise was observed on a global scale between 1990 and 2019, with the overall age-standardized rate (ASR) increasing from 557.15 (95% UI 243.32-1212.53) per 100,000 in 1990 to 740.4 (95% UI 478.2-1323.1) per 100,000 in 2019. In 2019, the Oceania region had the highest age-standardized incidence rates per 100,000 population (3173.48 (95% UI 762.33-6161.18)), followed by the South Asia region (1740.79 (95% UI 660.93-4287.12)), and then the Southeast Asia region (1153.57 (95% UI 1049.49-1281.59)). In Oceania, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, increase trends were found in the burden of dengue fever measured by ASRs of DALY which were consistent with ASRs of dengue incidence at the national level. Most of the countries with the heaviest burden of dengue fever occurred in areas with low and medium SDI regions. However, the burden in high-middle and high-SDI countries is relatively low, especially the Solomon Islands and Tonga in Oceania, the Maldives in South Asia and Indonesia in Southeast Asia. The age distribution results of the incidence rate and disease burden of dengue fever of major endemic regions showed that the higher risk and disease burden are mainly concentrated in people under 14 or over 70 years old. The prediction by ARIMA showed that the risk of dengue fever in South and Southeast Asia is on the rise, and further prevention and control is warranted.

Conclusions: In view of the rapid population growth and urbanization in many dengue-endemic countries, our research results are of great significance for presenting the future trend in dengue fever. It is recommended to policy makers that specific attention needs to be paid to the negative impact of urbanization on dengue incidence and allocate more resources to the low-SDI areas and people under 14 or over 70 years old to reduce the burden of dengue fever.

Keywords: burden; dengue; endemic regions; incidence; model.

Figure 1

Age-standardized incidence rate of Dengue in countries and regions globally, 2019.

Figure 2

(a). Age-standardized incidence rate per 100,000 people with dengue of Oceania countries in 1990 and 2019. (b). Age-standardized incidence rate of dengue for Oceania countries by SDI, 1990–2019.

Figure 3

Age-standardized DALY rate of dengue for Oceania countries by SDI, 1990–2019.

Figure 4

Age-standardized incidence rate of dengue for South Asia countries by SDI, 1990–2019.

Figure 5

Age-standardized DALY rate of dengue for South Asia countries by SDI, 1990–2019.

Figure 6

Age-standardized incidence rate of dengue for Southeast Asia countries by SDI, 1990–2019.

Figure 7

Age-standardized DALY rate of dengue for Southeast Asia countries by SDI, 1990–2019.

Figure 8

(a). Age distribution of dengue incidence in 2019 of Oceania, South Asia and Southeast Asia. (b). Age distribution of dengue DALY in 2019 of Oceania, South Asia and Southeast Asia.

Figure 9

Forecast of dengue incidence rate in Oceania, South Asia, and Southeast Asia from 2020 to 2030.