Effects of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine concentration and alpha-naphthoflavone on the association between smoking and the frequency of sister-chromatid exchanges in lymphocytes from maternal and cord blood

Abstract

The frequency of sister-chromatid exchanges was analyzed in maternal and cord blood lymphocytes obtained at delivery from 23 nonsmokers and 21 smokers. Lymphocytes were cultured under 3 conditions: in the presence of 100 microM 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BUdR), 20 microM BUdR and 20 microM BUdR with 40 microM alpha-naphthoflavone (ANF). Under all assay conditions, frequencies of SCEs were consistently higher for maternal lymphocytes than for cord lymphocytes. There was no association between SCE values for cultures of the same blood specimen with 100 microM BUdR and 20 microM BUdR. When cultured with 100 microM BUdR, maternal lymphocytes from smokers had a mean SCE frequency of 13.5, which was significantly higher than the value of 11.1 observed for nonsmokers (p = 0.001 by the Wilcoxon rank sum test). Maternal smoking had no significant effect on overall frequencies of SCEs in maternal blood cultured with 20 microM BUdR either with or without ANF or when the differential between cells cultured with and without ANF was considered. Use of caffeinated beverages was associated with increased SCE values for maternal lymphocytes cultured with 20 microM BUdR (Tau beta = 0.36, p = 0.02 for the Kendall's Rank Correlation), but no such association was seen with 100 microM BUdR. For cord blood lymphocytes, however, neither smoking nor caffeine use were associated with SCE values obtained by any of the assay conditions used. The findings suggest that results of human monitoring studies using SCEs could differ depending on the concentration of BUdR used in cultures.