Surveillance for Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis, and Blastomycosis - United States, 2019

Abstract

Problem/condition: Coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and blastomycosis are underdiagnosed fungal diseases that often mimic bacterial or viral pneumonia and can cause disseminated disease and death. These diseases are caused by inhalation of fungal spores that have distinct geographic niches in the environment (e.g., soil or dust), and distribution is highly susceptible to climate changes such as expanding arid regions for coccidioidomycosis, the northward expansion of histoplasmosis, and areas like New York reporting cases of blastomycosis previously thought to be nonendemic. The national incidence of coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and blastomycosis is poorly characterized.

Reporting period: 2019.

Description of system: The National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) tracks cases of coccidioidomycosis, a nationally notifiable condition reported to CDC by 26 states and the District of Columbia. Neither histoplasmosis nor blastomycosis is a nationally notifiable condition; however, histoplasmosis is voluntarily reported in 13 states and blastomycosis in five states. Health departments classify cases based on the definitions established by the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists.

Results: In 2019, a total of 20,061 confirmed coccidioidomycosis, 1,124 confirmed and probable histoplasmosis, and 240 confirmed and probable blastomycosis cases were reported to CDC. Arizona and California reported 97% of coccidioidomycosis cases, and Minnesota and Wisconsin reported 75% of blastomycosis cases. Illinois reported the greatest percentage (26%) of histoplasmosis cases. All three diseases were more common among males, and the proportion for blastomycosis (70%) was substantially higher than for histoplasmosis (56%) or coccidioidomycosis (52%). Coccidioidomycosis incidence was approximately four times higher for non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) persons (17.3 per 100,000 population) and almost three times higher for Hispanic or Latino persons (11.2) compared with non-Hispanic White (White) persons (4.1). Histoplasmosis incidence was similar across racial and ethnic categories (range: 0.9-1.3). Blastomycosis incidence was approximately six times as high among AI/AN persons (4.5) and approximately twice as high among non-Hispanic Asian and Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander persons (1.6) compared with White persons (0.7). More than one half of histoplasmosis (54%) and blastomycosis (65%) patients were hospitalized, and 5% of histoplasmosis and 9% of blastomycosis patients died. States in which coccidioidomycosis is not known to be endemic had more cases in spring (March, April, and May) than during other seasons, whereas the number of cases peaked slightly in autumn (September, October, and November) for histoplasmosis and in winter (December, January, and February) for blastomycosis.

Interpretation: Coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and blastomycosis are diseases occurring in geographical niches within the United States. These diseases cause substantial illness, with approximately 20,000 coccidioidomycosis cases reported in 2019. Although substantially fewer histoplasmosis and blastomycosis cases were reported, surveillance was much more limited and underdiagnosis was likely, as evidenced by high hospitalization and death rates. This suggests that persons with milder symptoms might not seek medical evaluation and the symptoms self-resolve or the illnesses are misdiagnosed as other, more common respiratory diseases.

Public health action: Improved surveillance is necessary to better characterize coccidioidomycosis severity and to improve detection of histoplasmosis and blastomycosis. These findings might guide improvements in testing practices that enable timely diagnosis and treatment of fungal diseases. Clinicians and health care professionals should consider coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and blastomycosis in patients with community-acquired pneumonia or other acute infections of the lower respiratory tract who live in or have traveled to areas where the causative fungi are known to be present in the environment. Culturally appropriate tailored educational messages might help improve diagnosis and treatment. Public health response to these three diseases is hindered because information gathered from states' routine surveillance does not include data on populations at risk and sources of exposure. Broader surveillance that includes expansion to other states, and more detail about potential exposures and relevant host factors can describe epidemiologic trends, populations at risk, and disease prevention strategies.

FIGURE 1

Incidence rate of coccidioidomycosis, by state and tertiles^†,§ — National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System, United States, 2019 Abbreviation: DC = District of Columbia. * Cases per 100,000 population, calculated using state-specific denominators estimated from 2019 U.S. Census Bureau data. ^† Coccidioidomycosis is a reportable condition in 26 states (Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Delaware, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming) and the District of Columbia; in Washington, coccidioidomycosis is reportable as a rare disease of public health significance. Delaware, the District of Columbia, Indiana, and Kansas reported zero cases in 2019. ^§ In 2019, California submitted data directly to CDC.

FIGURE 2

Percentage of coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and blastomycosis cases, by month — United States, 2019 * Denominator is total cases reported in 2019 with a known earliest recorded event month for each fungal disease (coccidioidomycosis: 19,889 cases; histoplasmosis: 887 cases; and blastomycosis: 161 cases).

FIGURE 3

Incidence rate of histoplasmosis, by state and tertiles^† — United States, 2019 Abbreviation: DC = District of Columbia. * Cases per 100,000 population, calculated using state-specific denominators estimated from 2019 U.S. Census Bureau data. ^† Histoplasmosis is a reportable condition in 13 states (Arkansas, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin); in Rhode Island, histoplasmosis is reportable as a rare or unusual condition. Rhode Island reported zero cases in 2019. Certain state health departments submit data directly to CDC.

FIGURE 4

Incidence rate of blastomycosis, by state and tertiles^† — United States, 2019 Abbreviation: DC = District of Columbia. * Cases per 100,000 population, calculated using state-specific denominators estimated from 2019 U.S. Census Bureau data. ^† Blastomycosis is a reportable condition in five states (Arkansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin). State health departments submit data directly to CDC.