Ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and evaluation of their antioxidant activity and potential catalytic reduction activities with Direct Blue 15 or Direct Orange 26

Abstract

The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a water extract of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) root by microwave irradiation and its antibacterial activities have been reported. However, AgNPs prepared from different parts of ginger root water or ethanol extract by ultrasound synthesis and their antioxidant activity and whether the biogenic could be used to catalyze the reduction of hazardous dye are unknown. This study concentrated on the facile green synthesis of AgNPs prepared from different parts (unpeeled ginger, peeled ginger, and ginger peel) of ginger root water or ethanol extract by the ultrasound-assisted method. We studied their antioxidant activity and catalytic degradation of hazardous dye Direct Orange 26 (DO26) and Direct Blue 15 (DB15). The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak of AgNPs was at 428-443 nm. The biogenic AgNPs were approximately 2 nm in size with a regular spherical shape identified from TEM analysis. The ethanol extracts of dried unpeeled ginger and peeled ginger, fresh peeled ginger and ginger peel. The Z. officinale AgNPs synthesized by dried unpeeled ginger ethanol extract showed the best antioxidant activity. Their scavenging activities were significantly better than BHT (p <0.05). The different parts of ginger extracts showed no catalytic degradation activities of DB15 and DO26. Still, the synthesized Z. officinale AgNPs exhibited good catalytic degradation activities, while their ability to catalytic degradation to DB15 was better than DO26. In the additive ratio of 3 mL DB15, 0.1 mL NaBH4 and 0.1 mL AgNPs, the degradation rates of DB15 (or DO26) at 15 min, 30 min and 60 min were only 1.8% (0.9%), 2.8% (1.4%) and 3.5% (1.6%) in the absence of AgNPs. When adding Z. officinale AgNPs prepared from dried ginger peel ethanol extract or fresh ginger peel water extract, the degradation rates of DB15 sharply increased to 97% and 93% after 30 min, respectively. In conclusion, ginger extract has good antioxidant properties. Z. officinale AgNPs biosynthesis from ginger extract exhibit excellent catalytic degradation activities, especially for the ginger peel extract. They have application value in the treatment of textile effluents and provide a new idea and method for the comprehensive development and utilization of ginger resources.

Fig 1

The solution appearance of Z. officinale root extract and synthesized Z. officinale AgNPs: (a) fresh ginger extract; (b) dry ginger extract; (c) fresh ginger extract AgNPs; (d) dry ginger extract AgNPs. Fig 1a and 1b from left to right was followed as the unpeeled ginger water extract, peeled ginger water extract, ginger peel water extract, unpeeled ginger ethanol extract, peeled ginger ethanol extract and ginger peel ethanol extract; Fig 1c and 1d from left to right are the unpeeled ginger water extract AgNPs, peeled ginger water extract AgNPs, ginger peel water extract AgNPs, unpeeled ginger ethanol extract AgNPs, peeled ginger ethanol extract AgNPs and ginger peel ethanol extract AgNPs.

Fig 2

UV-vis spectra of the Z. officinale root extract and synthesized Z. officinale AgNPs: (a) dry ginger extract; (b) fresh ginger extract; (c) dry ginger extract AgNPs; (d) fresh ginger extract AgNPs.

Fig 3

TEM images of the synthesized Z. officinale AgNPs under different magnifications: (a) AgNPs (synthesized using water extract of fresh ginger peel) at 5 nm; (b) AgNPs (synthesized using ethanol extract of fresh unpeeled ginger) at 100 nm; (c) AgNPs (synthesized using water extract of dry unpeeled ginger) at 100 nm; (d) AgNPs (synthesized using ethanol extract of dry ginger peel) at 10 nm.

Fig 4. XRD patterns of synthesized Z. officinale AgNPs.

Fig 5

Comparison of the reductive degradation of Direct Blue 15 using different Z. officinale AgNPs synthesized from fresh ginger extracts: (a) unpeeled fresh ginger water extract AgNPs; (b) peeled fresh ginger water extract AgNPs; (c) fresh ginger peel water extract AgNPs; (d) unpeeled fresh ginger ethanol extract AgNPs; (e) peeled fresh ginger ethanol extract AgNPs; (f) fresh ginger peel ethanol extract AgNPs; (g) CK; (h) The solution appearance comparison of mixtures Z. officinale AgNPs and DB15 after reaction for 0, 15, 30 and 60 min. The solutions from left to right were followed as DB15 (50 mg/L), CK, unpeeled fresh ginger water extract AgNPs, peeled fresh ginger water extract AgNPs, fresh ginger peel water extract AgNPs, unpeeled fresh ginger ethanol extract AgNPs, peeled fresh ginger ethanol extract AgNPs, and fresh ginger peel ethanol extract AgNPs.

Fig 6

Comparison of the reductive degradation of Direct Blue 15 using different Z. officinale AgNPs synthesized from dry ginger extracts: (a) unpeeled dry ginger water extract AgNPs; (b) peeled dry ginger water extract AgNPs; (c) dry ginger peel water extract AgNPs; (d) unpeeled dry ginger ethanol extract AgNPs; (e) peeled dry ginger ethanol extract AgNPs; (f) dry ginger peel ethanol extract AgNPs; (g) CK; (h) The solution appearance comparison of mixtures Z. officinale AgNPs and DB15 after reaction for 0, 15, 30 and 60 min. The solutions from left to right were followed as DB15 (50 mg/L), CK, unpeeled dry ginger water extract AgNPs, peeled dry ginger water extract AgNPs, dry ginger peel water extract AgNPs, unpeeled dry ginger ethanol extract AgNPs, peeled dry ginger ethanol extract AgNPs, and dry ginger peel ethanol extract AgNPs.

Fig 7

Comparison of the reductive degradation of Direct Blue 15 using different fresh ginger extracts: (a) unpeeled fresh ginger water extract; (b) peeled fresh ginger water extract; (c) fresh ginger peel water extract; (d) unpeeled fresh ginger ethanol extract; (e) peeled fresh ginger ethanol extract; (f) fresh ginger peel ethanol extract; (g) CK; (h) The solution appearance comparison of mixtures different fresh ginger extract and DB15 after reaction for 0, 15, 30 and 60 min. The solutions from left to right are DB15 (50 mg/L), CK, unpeeled fresh ginger water extract, peeled fresh ginger water extract, fresh ginger peel water extract, unpeeled fresh ginger ethanol extract, peeled fresh ginger ethanol extract, and fresh ginger peel ethanol extract.

Fig 8

Comparison of the reductive degradation of Direct Blue 15 using different dry ginger extracts: (a) unpeeled dry ginger water extract; (b) peeled dry ginger water extract; (c) dry ginger peel water extract; (d) unpeeled dry ginger ethanol extract; (e) peeled dry ginger ethanol extract; (f) dry ginger peel ethanol extract; (g) CK; (h) The solution appearance comparison of mixtures different dry ginger extract and DB15 after reaction for 0, 15, 30 and 60 min. The solutions from left to right are DB15 (50 mg/L), CK, unpeeled dry ginger water extract, peeled dry ginger water extract, dry ginger peel water extract, unpeeled dry ginger ethanol extract, peeled dry ginger ethanol extract, and dry ginger peel ethanol extract.

Fig 9

Comparison of the reductive degradation of Direct Orange 26 using different Z. officinale AgNPs synthesized from fresh ginger extracts: (a) unpeeled fresh ginger water extract AgNPs; (b) peeled fresh ginger water extract AgNPs; (c) fresh ginger peel water extract AgNPs; (d) unpeeled fresh ginger ethanol extract AgNPs; (e) peeled fresh ginger ethanol extract AgNPs; (f) fresh ginger peel ethanol extract AgNPs; (g) CK; (h) The solution appearance comparison of mixtures Z. officinale AgNPs and DO26 after reaction for 0, 15, 30 and 60 min. The solutions from left to right are DO26 (50 mg/L), CK, unpeeled fresh ginger water extract AgNPs, peeled fresh ginger water extract AgNPs, fresh ginger peel water extract AgNPs, unpeeled fresh ginger ethanol extract AgNPs, peeled fresh ginger ethanol extract AgNPs, and fresh ginger peel ethanol extract AgNPs.

Fig 10

Comparison of the reductive degradation of Direct Orange 26 using different Z. officinale AgNPs synthesized from dry ginger extracts: (a) unpeeled dry ginger water extract AgNPs; (b) peeled dry ginger water extract AgNPs; (c) dry ginger peel water extract AgNPs; (d) unpeeled dry ginger ethanol extract AgNPs; (e) peeled dry ginger ethanol extract AgNPs; (f) dry ginger peel ethanol extract AgNPs; (g) CK; (h) The solution appearance comparison of mixtures Z. officinale AgNPs and DO26 after reaction for 0, 15, 30 and 60 min. The solutions from left to right are DO26 (50 mg/L), CK, unpeeled dry ginger water extract AgNPs, peeled dry ginger water extract AgNPs, dry ginger peel water extract AgNPs, unpeeled dry ginger ethanol extract AgNPs, peeled dry ginger ethanol extract AgNPs, and dry ginger peel ethanol extract AgNPs.

Fig 11

Comparison of the reductive degradation of Direct Orange 26 using different fresh ginger extracts: (a) unpeeled fresh ginger water extract; (b) peeled fresh ginger water extract; (c) fresh ginger peel water extract; (d) unpeeled fresh ginger ethanol extract; (e) peeled fresh ginger ethanol extract; (f) fresh ginger peel ethanol extract; (g) CK; (h) The solution appearance comparison of mixtures different fresh ginger extract and DO26 after reaction for 0, 15, 30 and 60 min. The solutions from left to right are DO26 (50 mg/L), CK, unpeeled fresh ginger water extract, peeled fresh ginger water extract, fresh ginger peel water extract, unpeeled fresh ginger ethanol extract, peeled fresh ginger ethanol extract, and fresh ginger peel ethanol extract.

Fig 12

Comparison of the reductive degradation of Direct Orange 26 using different dry ginger extracts: (a) unpeeled dry ginger water extract; (b) peeled dry ginger water extract; (c) ginger dry peel water extract; (d) unpeeled dry ginger ethanol extract; (e) peeled dry ginger ethanol extract; (f) dry ginger peel ethanol extract; (g) CK; (h) The solution appearance comparison of mixtures different dry ginger extract and DO26 after reaction for 0, 15, 30 and 60 min. The solutions from left to right are DO26 (50 mg/L), CK, unpeeled dry ginger water extract, peeled dry ginger water extract, dry ginger peel water extract, unpeeled dry ginger ethanol extract, peeled dry ginger ethanol extract, and dry ginger peel ethanol extract.