. 2022 Aug 26;377(6609):982-987.

doi: 10.1126/science.abq0762. Epub 2022 Aug 25.

Ancient DNA from Mesopotamia suggests distinct Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic migrations into Anatolia

Iosif Lazaridis^#^{1

2}, Songül Alpaslan-Roodenberg^#^{2

3}, Ayşe Acar⁴, Ayşen Açıkkol⁵, Anagnostis Agelarakis⁶, Levon Aghikyan⁷, Uğur Akyüz⁸, Desislava Andreeva⁹, Gojko Andrijašević¹⁰, Dragana Antonović¹¹, Ian Armit¹², Alper Atmaca¹³, Pavel Avetisyan⁷, Ahmet İhsan Aytek¹⁴, Krum Bacvarov¹⁵, Ruben Badalyan⁷, Stefan Bakardzhiev¹⁶, Jacqueline Balen¹⁷, Lorenc Bejko¹⁸, Rebecca Bernardos², Andreas Bertsatos¹⁹, Hanifi Biber²⁰, Ahmet Bilir²¹, Mario Bodružić²², Michelle Bonogofsky²³, Clive Bonsall²⁴, Dušan Borić²⁵, Nikola Borovinić²⁶, Guillermo Bravo Morante³, Katharina Buttinger³, Kim Callan^{2

27}, Francesca Candilio²⁸, Mario Carić²⁹, Olivia Cheronet³, Stefan Chohadzhiev³⁰, Maria-Eleni Chovalopoulou¹⁹, Stella Chryssoulaki³¹, Ion Ciobanu^{32

33}, Natalija Čondić³⁴, Mihai Constantinescu³⁵, Emanuela Cristiani³⁶, Brendan J Culleton³⁷, Elizabeth Curtis^{2

27}, Jack Davis³⁸, Tatiana I Demcenco³⁹, Valentin Dergachev⁴⁰, Zafer Derin⁴¹, Sylvia Deskaj⁴², Seda Devejyan⁷, Vojislav Djordjević⁴³, Kellie Sara Duffett Carlson³, Laurie R Eccles⁴⁴, Nedko Elenski⁴⁵, Atilla Engin⁴⁶, Nihat Erdoğan⁴⁷, Sabiha Erir-Pazarcı⁴⁸, Daniel M Fernandes^{3

49}, Matthew Ferry^{2

27}, Suzanne Freilich³, Alin Frînculeasa⁵⁰, Michael L Galaty⁴², Beatriz Gamarra^{51

52

53}, Boris Gasparyan⁷, Bisserka Gaydarska⁵⁴, Elif Genç⁵⁵, Timur Gültekin⁵⁶, Serkan Gündüz⁵⁷, Tamás Hajdu⁵⁸, Volker Heyd⁵⁹, Suren Hobosyan⁷, Nelli Hovhannisyan⁶⁰, Iliya Iliev¹⁶, Lora Iliev^{2

27}, Stanislav Iliev⁶¹, İlkay İvgin⁶², Ivor Janković²⁹, Lence Jovanova⁶³, Panagiotis Karkanas⁶⁴, Berna Kavaz-Kındığılı⁶⁵, Esra Hilal Kaya⁶⁶, Denise Keating³, Douglas J Kennett^{37

67}, Seda Deniz Kesici⁶⁸, Anahit Khudaverdyan⁷, Krisztián Kiss^{58

69}, Sinan Kılıç²⁰, Paul Klostermann⁷⁰, Sinem Kostak Boca Negra Valdes⁶⁸, Saša Kovačević⁷¹, Marta Krenz-Niedbała⁷², Maja Krznarić Škrivanko⁷³, Rovena Kurti⁷⁴, Pasko Kuzman⁷⁵, Ann Marie Lawson^{2

27}, Catalin Lazar⁷⁶, Krassimir Leshtakov⁷⁷, Thomas E Levy⁷⁸, Ioannis Liritzis^{79

80}, Kirsi O Lorentz⁸¹, Sylwia Łukasik⁷², Matthew Mah^{2

27

82}, Swapan Mallick^{2

27}, Kirsten Mandl³, Kristine Martirosyan-Olshansky⁸³, Roger Matthews⁸⁴, Wendy Matthews⁸⁴, Kathleen McSweeney²⁴, Varduhi Melikyan⁷, Adam Micco², Megan Michel^{1

2

27}, Lidija Milašinović⁸⁵, Alissa Mittnik^{1

2

86}, Janet M Monge⁸⁷, Georgi Nekhrizov¹⁵, Rebecca Nicholls⁸⁸, Alexey G Nikitin⁸⁹, Vassil Nikolov¹⁵, Mario Novak²⁹, Iñigo Olalde^{2

90}, Jonas Oppenheimer^{2

27}, Anna Osterholtz⁹¹, Celal Özdemir¹³, Kadir Toykan Özdoğan³, Nurettin Öztürk⁶⁵, Nikos Papadimitriou⁹², Niki Papakonstantinou⁹³, Anastasia Papathanasiou⁹⁴, Lujana Paraman⁹⁵, Evgeny G Paskary⁹⁶, Nick Patterson^{1

82}, Ilian Petrakiev⁴⁵, Levon Petrosyan⁷, Vanya Petrova⁷⁷, Anna Philippa-Touchais⁹⁷, Ashot Piliposyan⁹⁸, Nada Pocuca Kuzman⁷⁵, Hrvoje Potrebica⁹⁹, Bianca Preda-Bălănică⁵⁹, Zrinka Premužić¹⁰⁰, T Douglas Price¹⁰¹, Lijun Qiu^{2

27}, Siniša Radović¹⁰², Kamal Raeuf Aziz¹⁰³, Petra Rajić Šikanjić²⁹, Kamal Rasheed Raheem¹⁰³, Sergei Razumov¹⁰⁴, Amy Richardson⁸⁴, Jacob Roodenberg¹⁰⁵, Rudenc Ruka⁷⁴, Victoria Russeva¹⁰⁶, Mustafa Şahin⁵⁷, Ayşegül Şarbak¹⁰⁷, Emre Savaş⁶⁸, Constanze Schattke³, Lynne Schepartz¹⁰⁸, Tayfun Selçuk⁶⁸, Ayla Sevim-Erol¹⁰⁹, Michel Shamoon-Pour¹¹⁰, Henry M Shephard¹¹¹, Athanasios Sideris¹¹², Angela Simalcsik^{32

113}, Hakob Simonyan¹¹⁴, Vitalij Sinika¹⁰⁴, Kendra Sirak², Ghenadie Sirbu¹¹⁵, Mario Šlaus¹¹⁶, Andrei Soficaru³⁵, Bilal Söğüt¹¹⁷, Arkadiusz Sołtysiak¹¹⁸, Çilem Sönmez-Sözer¹⁰⁹, Maria Stathi¹¹⁹, Martin Steskal¹²⁰, Kristin Stewardson^{2

27}, Sharon Stocker³⁸, Fadime Suata-Alpaslan¹²¹, Alexander Suvorov⁵⁹, Anna Szécsényi-Nagy¹²², Tamás Szeniczey⁵⁸, Nikolai Telnov¹⁰⁴, Strahil Temov¹²³, Nadezhda Todorova⁷⁷, Ulsi Tota^{74

124}, Gilles Touchais¹²⁵, Sevi Triantaphyllou⁹³, Atila Türker¹²⁶, Marina Ugarković⁷¹, Todor Valchev¹⁶, Fanica Veljanovska¹²³, Zlatko Videvski¹²³, Cristian Virag¹²⁷, Anna Wagner³, Sam Walsh¹²⁸, Piotr Włodarczak¹²⁹, J Noah Workman², Aram Yardumian^{130

131}, Evgenii Yarovoy¹³², Alper Yener Yavuz¹³³, Hakan Yılmaz²⁰, Fatma Zalzala^{2

27}, Anna Zettl³, Zhao Zhang², Rafet Çavuşoğlu²⁰, Nadin Rohland², Ron Pinhasi^{3

134}, David Reich^{1

2

27

82}, Ruben Davtyan⁷

Affiliations

¹ Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
² Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
³ Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
⁴ Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Mardin Artuklu University, 47510 Artuklu, Mardin, Turkey.
⁵ Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey.
⁶ Department of History, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530, USA.
⁷ Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, NAS RA, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia.
⁸ Samsun Museum of Archeology and Ethnography, Kale Mahallesi, Merkez, İlkadım, 55030 Samsun, Turkey.
⁹ Iskra Museum of History, 6100 Kazanlak, Bulgaria.
¹⁰ Historical Musem in Kotor, 85330 Kotor, Montenegro.
¹¹ Institute of Archaeology, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
¹² Department of Archaeology, University of York, York YO1 7EP, UK.
¹³ Amasya Archaeology Museum, Mustafa Kemal Paşa Caddesi, 05000 Amasya, Turkey.
¹⁴ Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Burdur Mehmet Akif University, 15100 Burdur, Turkey.
¹⁵ National Institute of Archaeology and Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria.
¹⁶ Yambol Regional Historical Museum, 8600 Yambol, Bulgaria.
¹⁷ Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
¹⁸ Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, University of Tirana, 1010 Tirana, Albania.
¹⁹ Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece.
²⁰ Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, 65090 Tuşba, Van, Turkey.
²¹ Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Düzce University, 81620 Düzce, Turkey.
²² Stratum Ltd., 21218 Seget Donji, Croatia.
²³ Independent Researcher, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
²⁴ School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
²⁵ The Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
²⁶ Center for Conservation and Archaeology of Montenegro, 81250 Cetinje, Montenegro.
²⁷ Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
²⁸ Servizio di Bioarcheologia, Museo delle Civiltà, 00144 Rome, Italy.
²⁹ Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
³⁰ Department of Archaeology, University of Veliko Tarnovo "St. Cyril and St. Methodius," 5003 Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria.
³¹ Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Ephorate of Antiquities of Piraeus and the Islands, 10682 Piraeus, Greece.
³² "Orheiul Vechi" Cultural-Natural Reserve, Institute of Bioarchaeological and Ethnocultural Research, 3552 Butuceni, Moldova.
³³ National Archaeological Agency, 2012 Chișinău, Moldova.
³⁴ Archaeological Museum in Zadar, 23000 Zadar, Croatia.
³⁵ "Francisc I. Rainer" Institute of Anthropology, 050711 Bucharest, Romania.
³⁶ Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
³⁷ Institutes of Energy and the Environment, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
³⁸ Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
³⁹ Independent Researcher, Aberystwyth SY23 4UH, UK.
⁴⁰ Center of Archaeology, Institute of Cultural Heritage, Academy of Science of Moldova, 2001 Chișinău, Moldova.
⁴¹ Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Letters, Ege University, 35100 Bornova-Izmir, Turkey.
⁴² Museum of Anthropological Archaeology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
⁴³ Narodni muzej Pančcevo, 26101 Pančevo, Serbia.
⁴⁴ Human Paleoecology and Isotope Geochemistry Lab, Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
⁴⁵ Regional Museum of History - Veliko Tarnovo, 5000 Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria.
⁴⁶ Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Gaziantep University, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey.
⁴⁷ Mardin Archaeological Museum, Şar, Cumhuriyet Meydanı üstü, 47100 Artuklu, Mardin, Turkey.
⁴⁸ Muğla İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü, 48000 Muğla, Turkey.
⁴⁹ Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
⁵⁰ Prahova County Museum of History and Archaeology, 100042 Ploiești, Romania.
⁵¹ Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
⁵² Departament d'Història i Història de l'Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43002 Tarragona, Spain.
⁵³ School of Archaeology and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
⁵⁴ Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
⁵⁵ Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Çukurova University, 01330 Balçalı-Sarıçam-Adana, Turkey.
⁵⁶ Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Humanities, Ankara University, 06100 Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
⁵⁷ Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Bursa Uludağ University, 16059 Görükle, Bursa, Turkey.
⁵⁸ Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary.
⁵⁹ Department of Cultures, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland.
⁶⁰ Department of Ecology and Nature Protection, Yerevan State University, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia.
⁶¹ Regional Museum of History, 6300 Haskovo, Bulgaria.
⁶² Ministry of Culture and Tourism, İsmet İnönü Bulvarı, 06100 Emek, Ankara, Turkey.
⁶³ Museum of the City of Skopje, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia.
⁶⁴ Malcolm H. Wiener Laboratory, American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 10676 Athens, Greece.
⁶⁵ Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Letters, Atatürk University, 25100 Erzurum, Turkey.
⁶⁶ Muğla Archaeological Museum and Yatağan Thermal Power Generation Company, Rescue Excavations, 48000 Muğla, Turkey.
⁶⁷ Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
⁶⁸ Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archeology, Çarşı Neighbourhood, 48400 Bodrum, Muğla, Turkey.
⁶⁹ Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
⁷⁰ Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria.
⁷¹ Institute of Archaeology, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
⁷² Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
⁷³ Municipal Museum Vinkovci, 32100 Vinkovci, Croatia.
⁷⁴ Prehistory Department, Albanian Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Albanian Studies, 1000 Tirana, Albania.
⁷⁵ National Museum in Ohrid, 6000 Ohrid, North Macedonia.
⁷⁶ ArchaeoSciences Division, Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania.
⁷⁷ Department of Archaeology, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, 1504 Sofia, Bulgaria.
⁷⁸ Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
⁷⁹ Key Research Institute of Yellow River Civilization and Sustainable Development and the Collaborative Innovation Center on Yellow River Civilization of Henan Province, Laboratory of Yellow River Cultural Heritage, Henan University, 475001 Kaifeng, China.
⁸⁰ European Academy of Sciences and Arts, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
⁸¹ Science and Technology in Archaeology and Culture Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121 Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus.
⁸² Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
⁸³ Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
⁸⁴ Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AB, UK.
⁸⁵ National Museum of Kikinda, 23300 Kikinda, Serbia.
⁸⁶ Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
⁸⁷ University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
⁸⁸ School of Archaeological and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
⁸⁹ Department of Biology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA.
⁹⁰ BIOMICs Research Group, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
⁹¹ Department of Anthropology and Middle Eastern Cultures, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
⁹² Paul and Alexandra Canellopoulos Museum, 105-55 Athens, Greece.
⁹³ Faculty of Philosophy, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
⁹⁴ Ephorate of Paleoantropology and Speleology, Greek Ministry of Culture, 11636 Athens, Greece.
⁹⁵ Trogir Town Museum, 21220 Trogir, Croatia.
⁹⁶ Moldovan Historic - Geographical Society, 2044 Chișinău, Moldova.
⁹⁷ French School of Archaeology at Athens, 10680 Athens, Greece.
⁹⁸ Department of Armenian History, Armenian State Pedagogical University After Khachatur Abovyan, 0010 Yerevan, Armenia.
⁹⁹ Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
¹⁰⁰ Independent Researcher, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
¹⁰¹ Laboratory for Archaeological Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
¹⁰² Institute for Quaternary Paleontology and Geology, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
¹⁰³ Sulaymaniyah Directorate of Antiquities and Heritage, 46010 Sulaimaniyah, Iraq.
¹⁰⁴ Pridnestrovian University named after Taras Shevchenko, 3300 Tiraspol, Moldova.
¹⁰⁵ The Netherlands Institute for the Near East, 2311 Leiden, Netherlands.
¹⁰⁶ Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Archeology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Science, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
¹⁰⁷ Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Hitit University, 19040 Çorum, Turkey.
¹⁰⁸ School of Anatomical Sciences, The University of the Witwatersrand, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa.
¹⁰⁹ Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Language and History - Geography, Ankara University, 06100 Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
¹¹⁰ Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
¹¹¹ Archaeological Institute of America, Boston, MA 02108, USA.
¹¹² Institute of Classical Archaeology, Charles University, 11636 Prague, Czechia.
¹¹³ "Olga Necrasov" Centre of Anthropological Research, Romanian Academy Iași Branch, 2012 Iaşi Romania.
¹¹⁴ Scientific Research Center of the Historical and Cultural Heritage, 0010 Yerevan, Armenia.
¹¹⁵ Thracology Scientific Research Laboratory of the State University of Moldova, Department of Academic Management, Academy of Science of Moldova, 2009 Chișinău, Moldova.
¹¹⁶ Anthropological Center of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
¹¹⁷ Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Pamukkale University, 20070 Denizli, Turkey.
¹¹⁸ Faculty of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, 00-927 Warszawa, Poland.
¹¹⁹ Ephorate of Antiquities of East Attica, Ministry of Culture and Sports, 10682 Athens, Greece.
¹²⁰ Austrian Archaeological Institute at the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
¹²¹ Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Istanbul University, 34134 Istanbul, Turkey.
¹²² Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1097 Budapest, Hungary.
¹²³ Archaeology Museum of North Macedonia, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia.
¹²⁴ Culture and Patrimony Department, University of Avignon, 84029 Avignon, France.
¹²⁵ Department of the History of Art and Archaeology, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, 75006 Paris, France.
¹²⁶ Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139 Atakum-Samsun, Turkey.
¹²⁷ Satu Mare County Museum, 440031 Satu Mare, Romania.
¹²⁸ School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
¹²⁹ Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-016 Kraków, Poland.
¹³⁰ Department of History and Social Sciences, Bryn Athyn College, Bryn Athyn, PA 19009, USA.
¹³¹ Penn Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
¹³² History of the Ancient World and Middle Ages Department, Moscow Region State University, Moscow Region, 141014 Mytishi, Russia.
¹³³ Department of Anthropology, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Istiklal Campus, 15100 Burdur, Turkey.
¹³⁴ Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 36007054
PMCID: PMC9983685
DOI: 10.1126/science.abq0762

Ancient DNA from Mesopotamia suggests distinct Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic migrations into Anatolia

Iosif Lazaridis et al. Science. 2022.

. 2022 Aug 26;377(6609):982-987.

doi: 10.1126/science.abq0762. Epub 2022 Aug 25.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
² Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
³ Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
⁴ Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Mardin Artuklu University, 47510 Artuklu, Mardin, Turkey.
⁵ Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey.
⁶ Department of History, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530, USA.
⁷ Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, NAS RA, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia.
⁸ Samsun Museum of Archeology and Ethnography, Kale Mahallesi, Merkez, İlkadım, 55030 Samsun, Turkey.
⁹ Iskra Museum of History, 6100 Kazanlak, Bulgaria.
¹⁰ Historical Musem in Kotor, 85330 Kotor, Montenegro.
¹¹ Institute of Archaeology, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
¹² Department of Archaeology, University of York, York YO1 7EP, UK.
¹³ Amasya Archaeology Museum, Mustafa Kemal Paşa Caddesi, 05000 Amasya, Turkey.
¹⁴ Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Burdur Mehmet Akif University, 15100 Burdur, Turkey.
¹⁵ National Institute of Archaeology and Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria.
¹⁶ Yambol Regional Historical Museum, 8600 Yambol, Bulgaria.
¹⁷ Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
¹⁸ Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, University of Tirana, 1010 Tirana, Albania.
¹⁹ Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece.
²⁰ Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, 65090 Tuşba, Van, Turkey.
²¹ Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Düzce University, 81620 Düzce, Turkey.
²² Stratum Ltd., 21218 Seget Donji, Croatia.
²³ Independent Researcher, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
²⁴ School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
²⁵ The Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
²⁶ Center for Conservation and Archaeology of Montenegro, 81250 Cetinje, Montenegro.
²⁷ Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
²⁸ Servizio di Bioarcheologia, Museo delle Civiltà, 00144 Rome, Italy.
²⁹ Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
³⁰ Department of Archaeology, University of Veliko Tarnovo "St. Cyril and St. Methodius," 5003 Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria.
³¹ Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Ephorate of Antiquities of Piraeus and the Islands, 10682 Piraeus, Greece.
³² "Orheiul Vechi" Cultural-Natural Reserve, Institute of Bioarchaeological and Ethnocultural Research, 3552 Butuceni, Moldova.
³³ National Archaeological Agency, 2012 Chișinău, Moldova.
³⁴ Archaeological Museum in Zadar, 23000 Zadar, Croatia.
³⁵ "Francisc I. Rainer" Institute of Anthropology, 050711 Bucharest, Romania.
³⁶ Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
³⁷ Institutes of Energy and the Environment, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
³⁸ Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
³⁹ Independent Researcher, Aberystwyth SY23 4UH, UK.
⁴⁰ Center of Archaeology, Institute of Cultural Heritage, Academy of Science of Moldova, 2001 Chișinău, Moldova.
⁴¹ Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Letters, Ege University, 35100 Bornova-Izmir, Turkey.
⁴² Museum of Anthropological Archaeology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
⁴³ Narodni muzej Pančcevo, 26101 Pančevo, Serbia.
⁴⁴ Human Paleoecology and Isotope Geochemistry Lab, Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
⁴⁵ Regional Museum of History - Veliko Tarnovo, 5000 Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria.
⁴⁶ Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Gaziantep University, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey.
⁴⁷ Mardin Archaeological Museum, Şar, Cumhuriyet Meydanı üstü, 47100 Artuklu, Mardin, Turkey.
⁴⁸ Muğla İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü, 48000 Muğla, Turkey.
⁴⁹ Research Centre for Anthropology and Health (CIAS), Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal.
⁵⁰ Prahova County Museum of History and Archaeology, 100042 Ploiești, Romania.
⁵¹ Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
⁵² Departament d'Història i Història de l'Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43002 Tarragona, Spain.
⁵³ School of Archaeology and Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
⁵⁴ Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
⁵⁵ Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Çukurova University, 01330 Balçalı-Sarıçam-Adana, Turkey.
⁵⁶ Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Humanities, Ankara University, 06100 Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
⁵⁷ Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Bursa Uludağ University, 16059 Görükle, Bursa, Turkey.
⁵⁸ Department of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary.
⁵⁹ Department of Cultures, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland.
⁶⁰ Department of Ecology and Nature Protection, Yerevan State University, 0025 Yerevan, Armenia.
⁶¹ Regional Museum of History, 6300 Haskovo, Bulgaria.
⁶² Ministry of Culture and Tourism, İsmet İnönü Bulvarı, 06100 Emek, Ankara, Turkey.
⁶³ Museum of the City of Skopje, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia.
⁶⁴ Malcolm H. Wiener Laboratory, American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 10676 Athens, Greece.
⁶⁵ Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Letters, Atatürk University, 25100 Erzurum, Turkey.
⁶⁶ Muğla Archaeological Museum and Yatağan Thermal Power Generation Company, Rescue Excavations, 48000 Muğla, Turkey.
⁶⁷ Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
⁶⁸ Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archeology, Çarşı Neighbourhood, 48400 Bodrum, Muğla, Turkey.
⁶⁹ Department of Anthropology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
⁷⁰ Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria.
⁷¹ Institute of Archaeology, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
⁷² Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
⁷³ Municipal Museum Vinkovci, 32100 Vinkovci, Croatia.
⁷⁴ Prehistory Department, Albanian Institute of Archaeology, Academy of Albanian Studies, 1000 Tirana, Albania.
⁷⁵ National Museum in Ohrid, 6000 Ohrid, North Macedonia.
⁷⁶ ArchaeoSciences Division, Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania.
⁷⁷ Department of Archaeology, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, 1504 Sofia, Bulgaria.
⁷⁸ Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
⁷⁹ Key Research Institute of Yellow River Civilization and Sustainable Development and the Collaborative Innovation Center on Yellow River Civilization of Henan Province, Laboratory of Yellow River Cultural Heritage, Henan University, 475001 Kaifeng, China.
⁸⁰ European Academy of Sciences and Arts, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
⁸¹ Science and Technology in Archaeology and Culture Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121 Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus.
⁸² Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
⁸³ Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
⁸⁴ Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AB, UK.
⁸⁵ National Museum of Kikinda, 23300 Kikinda, Serbia.
⁸⁶ Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
⁸⁷ University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
⁸⁸ School of Archaeological and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
⁸⁹ Department of Biology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA.
⁹⁰ BIOMICs Research Group, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
⁹¹ Department of Anthropology and Middle Eastern Cultures, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
⁹² Paul and Alexandra Canellopoulos Museum, 105-55 Athens, Greece.
⁹³ Faculty of Philosophy, School of History and Archaeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
⁹⁴ Ephorate of Paleoantropology and Speleology, Greek Ministry of Culture, 11636 Athens, Greece.
⁹⁵ Trogir Town Museum, 21220 Trogir, Croatia.
⁹⁶ Moldovan Historic - Geographical Society, 2044 Chișinău, Moldova.
⁹⁷ French School of Archaeology at Athens, 10680 Athens, Greece.
⁹⁸ Department of Armenian History, Armenian State Pedagogical University After Khachatur Abovyan, 0010 Yerevan, Armenia.
⁹⁹ Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
¹⁰⁰ Independent Researcher, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
¹⁰¹ Laboratory for Archaeological Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
¹⁰² Institute for Quaternary Paleontology and Geology, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
¹⁰³ Sulaymaniyah Directorate of Antiquities and Heritage, 46010 Sulaimaniyah, Iraq.
¹⁰⁴ Pridnestrovian University named after Taras Shevchenko, 3300 Tiraspol, Moldova.
¹⁰⁵ The Netherlands Institute for the Near East, 2311 Leiden, Netherlands.
¹⁰⁶ Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Archeology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Science, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
¹⁰⁷ Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Hitit University, 19040 Çorum, Turkey.
¹⁰⁸ School of Anatomical Sciences, The University of the Witwatersrand, 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa.
¹⁰⁹ Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Language and History - Geography, Ankara University, 06100 Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
¹¹⁰ Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
¹¹¹ Archaeological Institute of America, Boston, MA 02108, USA.
¹¹² Institute of Classical Archaeology, Charles University, 11636 Prague, Czechia.
¹¹³ "Olga Necrasov" Centre of Anthropological Research, Romanian Academy Iași Branch, 2012 Iaşi Romania.
¹¹⁴ Scientific Research Center of the Historical and Cultural Heritage, 0010 Yerevan, Armenia.
¹¹⁵ Thracology Scientific Research Laboratory of the State University of Moldova, Department of Academic Management, Academy of Science of Moldova, 2009 Chișinău, Moldova.
¹¹⁶ Anthropological Center of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
¹¹⁷ Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Pamukkale University, 20070 Denizli, Turkey.
¹¹⁸ Faculty of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, 00-927 Warszawa, Poland.
¹¹⁹ Ephorate of Antiquities of East Attica, Ministry of Culture and Sports, 10682 Athens, Greece.
¹²⁰ Austrian Archaeological Institute at the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
¹²¹ Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Letters, Istanbul University, 34134 Istanbul, Turkey.
¹²² Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, 1097 Budapest, Hungary.
¹²³ Archaeology Museum of North Macedonia, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia.
¹²⁴ Culture and Patrimony Department, University of Avignon, 84029 Avignon, France.
¹²⁵ Department of the History of Art and Archaeology, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, 75006 Paris, France.
¹²⁶ Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55139 Atakum-Samsun, Turkey.
¹²⁷ Satu Mare County Museum, 440031 Satu Mare, Romania.
¹²⁸ School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK.
¹²⁹ Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-016 Kraków, Poland.
¹³⁰ Department of History and Social Sciences, Bryn Athyn College, Bryn Athyn, PA 19009, USA.
¹³¹ Penn Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
¹³² History of the Ancient World and Middle Ages Department, Moscow Region State University, Moscow Region, 141014 Mytishi, Russia.
¹³³ Department of Anthropology, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Istiklal Campus, 15100 Burdur, Turkey.
¹³⁴ Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 36007054
PMCID: PMC9983685
DOI: 10.1126/science.abq0762

Abstract

We present the first ancient DNA data from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of Mesopotamia (Southeastern Turkey and Northern Iraq), Cyprus, and the Northwestern Zagros, along with the first data from Neolithic Armenia. We show that these and neighboring populations were formed through admixture of pre-Neolithic sources related to Anatolian, Caucasus, and Levantine hunter-gatherers, forming a Neolithic continuum of ancestry mirroring the geography of West Asia. By analyzing Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic populations of Anatolia, we show that the former were derived from admixture between Mesopotamian-related and local Epipaleolithic-related sources, but the latter experienced additional Levantine-related gene flow, thus documenting at least two pulses of migration from the Fertile Crescent heartland to the early farmers of Anatolia.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

**Fig. 1.. Studied individuals.**
(A) Timeframe of Pre-Neolithic, Pre-Pottery Neolithic, and Pottery Neolithic populations in West Asia. (B) Geographical location of populations from panel (A) on the map of West Asia.

**Fig. 2.. Overview of Neolithic variation.**
(A) Principal component analysis of ancient individuals projected onto West Eurasian variation. (B) Application of 5-way model of (12) on Neolithic populations with Caucasus hunter-gatherer (CHG), Eastern European hunter-gatherer (EHG), Levant Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN), Serbian Iron Gates hunter-gatherer, and NW Anatolian Neolithic from Barcın sources.

**Fig. 3.. The Neolithic continuum.**
(A) 3-way model of Neolithic admixture with Caucasus hunter-gatherer (CHG) (10) as a source. (B) 3-way model of Neolithic admixture with Ganj Dareh(1) as a source. (C) Caucasus hunter-gatherer and Ganj Dareh admixture proportions from panels A, B are strongly correlated (R²=0.91; p<1e-7). (D) We also modeled Neolithic populations with local, Anatolian (Pınarbaşı(6)) and eastern, Mesopotamian Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN), proximal sources. Both Pre-Pottery Neolithic populations from Anatolia (from Boncuklu(6) and Aşıklı Höyük(8)) have no significant evidence for extra Levantine ancestry. However, all three Pottery Neolithic ones (from Barcın in NW Anatolia and Tepecik-Çiftlik(5) and Çatalhöyük(8) in Central Anatolia) have significant additional Levantine ancestry.

**Fig. 4:. The dilution of Neolithic ancestry in the Levant.**
The trajectory of West Asian components of ancestry in the Levant. (A) Caucasus hunter-gatherer ancestry increased over time, first, by the Chalcolithic period, and furthermore by the Bronze Age, while the local Levantine ancestry (B) was diluted during the last 10,000 years; (C) Anatolian ancestry, like Caucasus hunter-gatherer ancestry, also increased by the Chalcolithic period(28), undergoing fluctuations thereafter.

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Ancient genomes and West Eurasian history.
Arbuckle BS, Schwandt Z. Arbuckle BS, et al. Science. 2022 Aug 26;377(6609):922-923. doi: 10.1126/science.add9059. Epub 2022 Aug 25. Science. 2022. PMID: 36007032

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Ancient DNA from Mesopotamia suggests distinct Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic migrations into Anatolia

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Ancient DNA from Mesopotamia suggests distinct Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic migrations into Anatolia

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