Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 Aug 15;11(8):1581.
doi: 10.3390/antiox11081581.

Tolerance Assessment of Atractylodes macrocephala Polysaccharide in the Diet of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Bo Dong  1   2 , Liyun Wu  1   2 , Qiaozhen Chen  1   2 , Wenjie Xu  1 , Dinggang Li  3 , Dong Han  1   2 , Xiaoming Zhu  1 , Haokun Liu  1 , Yunxia Yang  1 , Shouqi Xie  1   2   4 , Junyan Jin  1
Affiliations

Tolerance Assessment of Atractylodes macrocephala Polysaccharide in the Diet of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Bo Dong et al. Antioxidants (Basel). .

Abstract

Atractylodes macrocephala polysaccharide (AMP) can enhance antioxidant defense and anti-inflammation, as the tolerance levels of AMP in aquaculture is important for additive utilization. However, the tolerance dose of AMP is unknown. We assess the tolerance levels of AMP in juvenile largemouth bass (3.38 ± 0.11 g) by feeding them a 0, 400, 4000, or 8000 mg/kg AMP supplemented diet for 10 weeks. The 400 mg/kg AMP dose increased growth performance. The Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway was activated, as indicated by Keap1 and Nrf2 protein levels in the liver. Enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx), together with increased mRNA levels of antioxidant genes (sod, gpx) and decreased accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MDA, was found in the liver, implying the antioxidant effect of AMP. Nutrient absorption was enhanced by AMP, as reflected by the increased length of intestinal villi and microvilli. However, 4000 and 8000 mg/kg AMP induced oxidant stress, as indicated by increased plasma ALT and AST content and decreased mRNA levels of antioxidant genes (sod, gpx) in the liver and intestinal tissues. Inflammatory reactions were also induced by high doses of AMP, as reflected by enhanced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tnfα, nfκb) in the liver, intestinal, and kidney tissues and inhibited levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines (tgfβ, iκb). Histological analysis reveals inflammatory cell infiltration and tissue damage. Thus, the safe tolerance margin of AMP supplement for largemouth bass was 400-4000 mg/kg.

Keywords: AMP; Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway; antioxidant defense; inflammation; tolerance.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. Dinggang Li belongs to Baoding Jizhong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. The company had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Plasma Effects of dietary Atractylodes macrocephala polysaccharide (AMP) on plasma ALT and AST. ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; ALT: Aspartate aminotransferase. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 6). Different lowercase letters represent significant differences among all groups (p < 0.05).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Effects of dietary AMP on protein expression and transcript levels of Keap1 and Nrf2. Keap1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 6). Different lowercase letters represent significant differences among all groups (p < 0.05).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effects of dietary AMP on expression of antioxidant-related genes in the liver (A) and intestine (B). gpx: glutathione peroxidase gene; sod: superoxide dismutase gene. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 6). Different lowercase letters represent significant differences among all groups (p < 0.05).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effects of dietary AMP on activities of antioxidant enzymes in the liver (n = 6). SOD: superoxide dismutase; GPx: Glutathione peroxidase; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; MDA: Malondialdehyde. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 6). Different lowercase letters represent significant differences among all groups (p < 0.05).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Effects of dietary AMP on expression of inflammatory-related genes in the liver (A), intestine (B), and kidney (C). tnfα: Tumor necrosis factor α; tgfβ: Transforming growth factor β; nfκb: Nuclear factor-kappa B; iκb: Inhibitory protein of nuclear factor-kappa B. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 6). Different lowercase letters represent significant differences among all groups (p < 0.05).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Effects of dietary AMP on expression of inflammatory-related genes in the liver (A), intestine (B), and kidney (C). tnfα: Tumor necrosis factor α; tgfβ: Transforming growth factor β; nfκb: Nuclear factor-kappa B; iκb: Inhibitory protein of nuclear factor-kappa B. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 6). Different lowercase letters represent significant differences among all groups (p < 0.05).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Effects of dietary AMP on histologic morphology of the liver (A), intestine (B,C), and kidney (D). Red row: inflammatory cell infiltration; black row: cell edema; green row: tight junctions; blue row: microvilli shrunk; yellow row: microvilli shed. Data are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 6). Different lowercase letters represent significant differences among all groups (p < 0.05).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department; Rome, Italy: 2020.
    1. Vazquez-Salgado L., Olveira J., Dopazo C., Bandin I. Effect of rearing density on nervous necrosis virus infection in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) J. Fish Dis. 2021;44:2003–2012. doi: 10.1111/jfd.13514. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Yadav M., Khati A., Chauhan R., Arya P., Semwal A. A review on feed additives used in fish diet. Int. J. Environ. Agric. Biotechnol. 2021;6:2. doi: 10.22161/ijeab.62.21. - DOI
    1. Yin G., Li W., Lin Q., Lin X., Lin J., Zhu Q., Jiang H., Huang Z. Dietary administration of laminarin improves the growth performance and immune responses in Epinephelus coioides. Fish Shellfish. Immunol. 2014;41:402–406. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.09.027. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Chen G., Liu B., Chen J., Liu H., Tan B., Dong X., Yang Q., Chi S., Zhang S., Yao M. Supplementing sulfate-based alginate polysaccharide improves pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed fishmeal replacement with cottonseed protein concentrate: Effects on growth, intestinal health, and disease resistance. Aquac. Nutr. 2022;2022:7132362. doi: 10.1155/2022/7132362. - DOI

LinkOut - more resources