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Review
. 2022 Jul 28;10(8):1813.
doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10081813.

Clinical and Pathological Tools for Predicting Recurrence and/or Metastasis in Patients with Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma

Chiara Bima  1 , Fabio Bioletto  1 , Chiara Lopez  1 , Martina Bollati  1 , Stefano Arata  1 , Matteo Procopio  1 , Iacopo Gesmundo  1 , Ezio Ghigo  1 , Mauro Maccario  1 , Mirko Parasiliti-Caprino  1
Affiliations
Review

Clinical and Pathological Tools for Predicting Recurrence and/or Metastasis in Patients with Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma

Chiara Bima et al. Biomedicines. .

Abstract

Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are endocrine tumors belonging to the family of neural crest cell-derived neoplasms. They have an extremely variable clinical course, characterized by a non-negligible percentage of relapse and/or metastasis after radical surgery. To date, there are no reliable methods to predict the metastatic potential of these neoplasms, despite several clinical, molecular, and histopathological factors that have been extensively studied in the literature as predictors of the recurrence and/or metastasis in these neoplasms with different performances and results. In this review, we aimed to discuss and analyze the most important clinical and histopathological tools for predicting recurrence risk in patients affected by pheochromocytomas or paragangliomas. Thus, we compared the main available predictive models, exploring their applications in stratifying patients' risks. In conclusion, we underlined the importance of simple and validated tools to better define disease aggressiveness and establish tailored patients' treatments and follow-ups.

Keywords: malignancy; paraganglioma; pheochromocytoma; predictive model; prognostic factors; recurrence.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors report no conflict of interest in this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow-chart summarizing the main tools for the estimation of recurrence risk/metastatic potential and therefore, for defining the personalized follow-up of PPGL patients.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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