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Review
. 2022 Aug 8;10(8):1919.
doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10081919.

Increased Levels of HbA1c in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes and Depression: A Meta-Analysis of 34 Studies with 68,398 Participants

Alma Delia Genis-Mendoza  1 , Thelma Beatriz González-Castro  2 , Gisselle Tovilla-Vidal  3 , Isela Esther Juárez-Rojop  3 , Rosa Giannina Castillo-Avila  3 , María Lilia López-Narváez  4 , Carlos Alfonso Tovilla-Zárate  5 , Juan Pablo Sánchez-de la Cruz  5 , Ana Fresán  6 , Humberto Nicolini  1
Affiliations
Review

Increased Levels of HbA1c in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes and Depression: A Meta-Analysis of 34 Studies with 68,398 Participants

Alma Delia Genis-Mendoza et al. Biomedicines. .

Abstract

Glycosylated hemoglobin is used to diagnose type 2 diabetes mellitus and assess metabolic control. Depression itself has been associated with high levels of HbA1c in individuals with T2DM. The association between diabetes and depression suggests the usefulness of determining HbA1c as a biological marker of depressive symptoms. The aim of this study was to determine HbA1c levels in individuals with T2DM with vs. without depression. Additionally, we analyzed the influence of pharmacological treatments, time of evolution, and complications of disease. We performed a literature search in different databases published up to January 2020. A total of 34 articles were included. Our results showed that individuals with T2DM with depression showed increased levels of HbA1c in comparison to individuals with T2DM without depression (d = 0.18, 95% CI: 0.12−0.29, p(Z) < 0.001; I2 = 85.00). We also found that HbA1c levels remained elevated in individuals with T2DM with depression who were taking hypoglycemic drugs (d = 0.20 95% CI: 0.11−0.30, p(Z) < 0.001; I2 = 86.80), in individuals with less than 10 years of evolution (d = 0.17 95% CI: 0.09−0.26, p(Z) = 0.001; I2 = 66.03) and in individuals with complications of the disease (d = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.07−0.26, p(Z) < 0.001; I2 = 58.41). Our results show that HbA1c levels in individuals with T2DM with depression are significantly increased compared to controls with T2DM without depression. Additionally, these levels remained elevated in individuals who were taking hypoglycemic drugs, those with less than 10 years of disease evolution, and those with complications related to diabetes. It is necessary to examine the existence of a diabetes−HbA1c−depression connection.

Keywords: HbA1c; complications; depression; diabetes; hypoglycemic drug.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flowchart showing the different phases in the systematic review and meta-analysis.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Forest plot of the meta-analysis for HbA1c levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and depression versus individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus without depression [4,11,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Forest plot of the meta-analysis for HbA1c levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus with/without depression when using hypoglycemic drugs [4,11,13,16,17,18,19,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,43].
Figure 4
Figure 4
Forest plot of the meta-analysis for HbA1c levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and with/without depression regarding the duration of diabetes evolution [4,11,14,15,16,17,18,19,21,22,24,25,26,27,28,29,28,29,30,31,32,33,36,37,40,43].
Figure 5
Figure 5
Forest plot of the meta-analysis for HbA1c levels in individuals with/without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-related complication analysis [11,14,15,20,21,25,26,27,28,31,32,36,40].
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