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Review
. 2022 Aug 11;12(8):1940.
doi: 10.3390/diagnostics12081940.

Synchronous/Metachronous Multiple Primary Malignancies: Review of Associated Risk Factors

Szu-Ying Pan  1 , Chi-Ping Huang  1   2 , Wen-Chi Chen  1   3
Affiliations
Review

Synchronous/Metachronous Multiple Primary Malignancies: Review of Associated Risk Factors

Szu-Ying Pan et al. Diagnostics (Basel). .

Abstract

The incidence of secondary primary malignancy (SPM) has been reported to range from 1.33% to 5.8%, according to the location of the primary cancer and the follow-up duration. The highest occurrence rate of SPM, of 36.6% within 6 months, has been reported in lung cancer. Genitourinary malignancies were reported to be the third-most-common SPM in several reports. However, the incidence of genitourinary malignancy as the first primary cancer associated with SPM has not been reported. Several risk factors are related to the occurrence of SPM, including viral infection chemotherapy, radiation, genetics, smoking, betel quid chewing, and environmental factors. An early survey for SPM is indicated in first primary malignancy patients with these associated factors. In this study, we summarize several risk factors related to the occurrence of SPMs and preventive tests, which may help in their early detection and, consequently, better survival.

Keywords: cancer; genitourinary; malignancies; metachronous; multiple primary malignancy; secondary primary malignancy; synchronous.

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Conflict of interest statement

The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

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