New Insights into Boron Essentiality in Humans and Animals

Abstract

Boron (B) is considered a prebiotic chemical element with a role in both the origin and evolution of life, as well as an essential micronutrient for some bacteria, plants, fungi, and algae. B has beneficial effects on the biological functions of humans and animals, such as reproduction, growth, calcium metabolism, bone formation, energy metabolism, immunity, and brain function. Naturally organic B (NOB) species may become promising novel prebiotic candidates. NOB-containing compounds have been shown to be essential for the symbiosis between organisms from different kingdoms. New insights into the key role of NOB species in the symbiosis between human/animal hosts and their microbiota will influence the use of natural B-based colon-targeting nutraceuticals. The mechanism of action (MoA) of NOB species is related to the B signaling molecule (autoinducer-2-borate (AI-2B)) as well as the fortification of the colonic mucus gel layer with NOB species from B-rich prebiotic diets. Both the microbiota and the colonic mucus gel layer can become NOB targets. This paper reviews the evidence supporting the essentiality of the NOB species in the symbiosis between the microbiota and the human/animal hosts, with the stated aim of highlighting the MoA and targets of these species.

Keywords: intestinal microflora; microbiome; naturally organic boron-containing compounds; prebiotic candidate; symbiosis.

Figure 1

Boron detection in a rat’s colonic mucus gel layer. Reference: normal diet [106]. Boron: CaFB (NOB) supplemented diet. Boron detection was performed by UHPLC/MS [107] (Part S1). CaFB: calcium fructoborate; NOB: naturally organic boron; UHPLC/MS: ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.

Figure 2

In vitro simulation of gastric digestion of NOB species (Part S2 [142,143,144,145,146]; Tables S1 and S2). NOB: Naturally organic boron.