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. 2022 Aug 19;10(8):1670.
doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10081670.

Bioactives and Extracellular Enzymes Obtained from Fermented Macrofungi Cultivated in Cotton and Jatropha Seed Cakes

Joice Raísa Barbosa Cunha  1   2 , Daiana Wischral  2 , Ruben Darío Romero Pelaez  2 , Maria Aparecida de Jesus  3 , Ceci Sales-Campos  3 , Raquel Bombarda Campanha  2 , Thais Demarchi Mendes  2 , Simone Mendonça  2 , Eustáquio Souza Dias  1 , Félix Gonçalves de Siqueira  2
Affiliations

Bioactives and Extracellular Enzymes Obtained from Fermented Macrofungi Cultivated in Cotton and Jatropha Seed Cakes

Joice Raísa Barbosa Cunha et al. Microorganisms. .

Abstract

This work focused on obtaining fermented oil cake (cotton or Jatropha) via macrofungi growth with potential characteristics for animal feed formulations, such as the presence of extracellular enzymes, bioactive (ergosterol and antioxidants), and detoxification of antinutritional compounds. The concentration of phorbol esters was reduced by four macrofungi in Jatropha seed cake (JSC) to non-toxic levels. At least two macrofungi efficiently degraded free gossypol in cottonseed cake (CSC). Fermentation with Coriolopsis sp. INPA1646 and Tyromyces sp. INPA1696 resulted in increased ergosterol concentrations, antioxidant activity reduction, and high activity of laccases and proteases. Bromatological analysis indicated high crude protein concentrations, with partial solubilization by fungal proteases. Fermented products from Coriolopsis sp. and Tyromyces sp. in JSC or CSC can be considered important biological inputs for monogastric and polygastric animal feed.

Keywords: Jatropha; animal nutrition; basidiomycetes; cottonseed; solid-state fermentation.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Concentration and degradation of phorbol esters in Jatropha seed cake (JSC), after 14 days of SSF by each macrofungi and control (unfermented autoclaved JSC). Different letters indicate that there is a significant difference Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Concentration and degradation of free gossypol on sterilized cotton seed cake (CSC), after SSF by each macrofungi. Different letters indicate that there is a significant difference Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05).
Figure 3
Figure 3
The concentration of phorbol esters in SSF-JSC by Coriolopsis sp. and of gossypol in SSF-CSC by Tyromyces sp., every 3 days of cultivation.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Determination of antioxidant activity, through ABTS and DPPH methods, for SSF-JSC and SSF-CSC using macrofungi Coriolopsis sp. and Tyromyces sp., respectively.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Activity kinetics of soluble enzyme activities (laccase, peroxidase, Fpase, β-glucosidase, endoglucanase, exoglucanase, xylanase, and protease) in the crude extracts of SSF-JSC with Coriolopsis sp.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Activity kinetics of soluble enzyme activities (laccase, peroxidase, Fpase, β-glucosidase, endoglucanase, exoglucanase, xylanase, and protease) in the crude extracts of SSF-CSC with Tyromices sp.
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