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. 2022 Aug 14;14(16):3332.
doi: 10.3390/nu14163332.

Disparities in Obesity Rates among Adults: Analysis of 514 Districts in Indonesia

Dumilah Ayuningtyas  1 , Dian Kusuma  2 , Vilda Amir  1 , Dwi Hapsari Tjandrarini  3 , Pramita Andarwati  4
Affiliations

Disparities in Obesity Rates among Adults: Analysis of 514 Districts in Indonesia

Dumilah Ayuningtyas et al. Nutrients. .

Abstract

Background: Globally, it was estimated that over 650 million adults 18 years old and older were obese in 2016. It is an increasing global health challenge with a significant health and economic impact. Thus, understanding geographic and socioeconomic disparities in obesity among adults is crucial.

Methods: We combined geospatial and quantitative analyses to assess the disparity in obesity across 514 districts in Indonesia. We used the Basic Health Survey (Riskesdas) 2018 for obesity data and the World Bank database for socioeconomic data. Dependent variables included obesity prevalence among all adults (18+ years), males, females, young adults (18-24 years), adults (25-59 years), and older adults (60+ years).

Results: We found significant geographic and socioeconomic disparities in adult obesity in Indonesia. In terms of region, districts in Java and Bali had a significantly higher prevalence of obesity than those in Papua, Maluku, and Nusa Tenggara. Districts in Java had 29%, 32%, 60%, and 28% higher prevalence of obesity among all adults, female adults, young adults, and adults. By income, compared to the poorest ones, most affluent districts had a significantly higher prevalence of obesity; they had a 36%, 39%, 34%, 42%, 33%, and 73% higher prevalence of obesity among all adults, males, females, young adults, adults, and older adults. Similarly, by education, compared to the least educated ones, the most educated districts had a significantly higher prevalence of obesity; they had a 34%, 42%, 29%, 36%, and 80% higher prevalence of obesity among all adults, males, females, adults, and older adults.

Conclusions: There are significant disparities in adult obesity among 514 districts in Indonesia. Efforts by policymakers and stakeholders are needed to reduce obesity among adults, especially within districts with high prevalence.

Keywords: Indonesia; disparity; geographic; obesity; socioeconomic.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Map of Indonesia by province. Note: Suma = Sumatera, Kepri = Riau Islands, Sula = Sulawesi, Kali = Kalimantan, NTB = West Nusa Tenggara, NTT = East Nusa Tenggara. We divided the provinces into five regions, including Sumatera, Java/Bali, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua/Maluku/Nusa Tenggara. Java/Bali is the most developed and Papua/Maluku/Nusa Tenggara is the least developed. We obtained the shapefile from the Indonesian Information and Geospatial Agency and created the map in ArcMap 10.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Disparity of obesity among adults by province in Indonesia, 2018. Note: Numbers show prevalence of obesity among all adults, males, females, young adults, adults, and older adults.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Disparity of obesity among adults by province in Indonesia, 2018. Note: Numbers show prevalence of obesity among all adults, males, females, young adults, adults, and older adults.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Disparity of obesity among adults by district in Indonesia, 2018. Note: Numbers show prevalence of obesity among all adults, males, females, young adults, adults, and older adults.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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