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Review
. 2022 Jul 23;14(7):e27167.
doi: 10.7759/cureus.27167. eCollection 2022 Jul.

Anemia and Heart Failure: A Narrative Review

Shiza W Siddiqui  1 , Tejaswini Ashok  2 , Nassar Patni  3 , Mahejabeen Fatima  3 , Aselah Lamis  1 , Krishna Kishore Anne  4
Affiliations
Review

Anemia and Heart Failure: A Narrative Review

Shiza W Siddiqui et al. Cureus. .

Abstract

Anemia in heart failure patients is a relatively common finding and has been linked with an increased risk of hospital admissions, morbidities, and significant mortality making its correction a significant factor in improving the quality of life and clinical outcomes in those suffering from it. This review article has discussed the multifactorial pathophysiology, including iron deficiency, longstanding inflammation, abnormal levels of human erythropoietin (Epo), and the abnormal activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) being the most significant. The diagnostic guidelines as well as research-based management modalities specifically with iron supplements and erythropoietin stimulating agents have also been discussed, although research done in this area has been limited and shown conflicting results.

Keywords: anaemia of chronic disease (acd); anemia; congestive heart faiulre; epo; heart failure; iron deficiency anaemia (ida).

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Effect of pro-inflammatory cytokines and hepcidin in the pathophysiology of anemia
TNF - Tumor necrosis factor IL- interleukin Image Credits- Shiza Siddiqui
Figure 2
Figure 2. Renin- angiotensin-aldosterone system
BP- Blood pressure Image Credits- Shiza Siddiqui
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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