Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: distinct characteristics and evidence-based management

doi:10.1007/s12020-022-03172-y

Review

. 2022 Nov;78(2):280-295.

doi: 10.1007/s12020-022-03172-y. Epub 2022 Aug 27.

Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: distinct characteristics and evidence-based management

Kyriaki Karavanaki¹, Stavroula A Paschou², Nicholas Tentolouris³, Foteini Karachaliou⁴, Alexandra Soldatou⁵

Affiliations

¹ Diabetes and Obesity Unit, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "P&A Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
² Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
³ Diabetes Centre, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Laikon" General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
⁴ Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, 3rd Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
⁵ Diabetes and Obesity Unit, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "P&A Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece. alsoldat@med.uoa.gr.

PMID: 36029440
DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03172-y

Review

Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: distinct characteristics and evidence-based management

Kyriaki Karavanaki et al. Endocrine. 2022 Nov.

. 2022 Nov;78(2):280-295.

doi: 10.1007/s12020-022-03172-y. Epub 2022 Aug 27.

Authors

Kyriaki Karavanaki¹, Stavroula A Paschou², Nicholas Tentolouris³, Foteini Karachaliou⁴, Alexandra Soldatou⁵

Affiliations

¹ Diabetes and Obesity Unit, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "P&A Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
² Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
³ Diabetes Centre, First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Laikon" General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
⁴ Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, 3rd Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
⁵ Diabetes and Obesity Unit, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "P&A Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece. alsoldat@med.uoa.gr.

PMID: 36029440
DOI: 10.1007/s12020-022-03172-y

Abstract

Purpose: Since the dramatic rise of obesity prevalence in childhood and adolescence has contributed to increased rates of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in youth, we sought to explore current evidence-based management options for pediatric T2D patients.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed for studies of T2D in childhood and adolescence until September 2021.

Results: Special pathophysiological and diagnostic characteristics of T2D in this age are presented, while the main focus of the article is on management. Lifestyle interventions with healthy diet and exercise are of great importance for the treatment of T2D in children and adolescents. Metformin and insulin remain the traditional therapeutical means, while liraglutide recently gained indication for children older than 10 years both in USA and Europe. Data on the use, efficacy, safety and therapeutic considerations of other pharmacological treatments in children and adolescents with T2D are critically discussed.

Conclusion: Although many new and promising therapeutic strategies have been introduced during recent years for the management of T2D in adults, available therapeutic options for the management of pediatric T2D remain limited.

Keywords: Adolescent; Children; Pediatric; Treatment; Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

PubMed Disclaimer

Cited by

Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: Exploring the disease heterogeneity and research gaps to optimum management.
Pramanik S, Mondal S, Palui R, Ray S. Pramanik S, et al. World J Clin Pediatr. 2024 Jun 9;13(2):91587. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v13.i2.91587. eCollection 2024 Jun 9. World J Clin Pediatr. 2024. PMID: 38947996 Free PMC article. Review.
Prediabetes in children and adolescents: An updated review.
Ng HY, Chan LTW. Ng HY, et al. World J Clin Pediatr. 2023 Dec 9;12(5):263-272. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v12.i5.263. eCollection 2023 Dec 9. World J Clin Pediatr. 2023. PMID: 38178932 Free PMC article. Review.
Unmet Needs in the Treatment of Childhood Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review.
Tamborlane W, Shehadeh N. Tamborlane W, et al. Adv Ther. 2023 Nov;40(11):4711-4720. doi: 10.1007/s12325-023-02642-7. Epub 2023 Sep 5. Adv Ther. 2023. PMID: 37668933 Free PMC article. Review.
Beta Cell Dysfunction in Youth- and Adult-Onset Type 2 Diabetes: An Extensive Narrative Review with a Special Focus on the Role of Nutrients.
Serbis A, Giapros V, Tsamis K, Balomenou F, Galli-Tsinopoulou A, Siomou E. Serbis A, et al. Nutrients. 2023 May 7;15(9):2217. doi: 10.3390/nu15092217. Nutrients. 2023. PMID: 37432389 Free PMC article. Review.
Antidiabetic Activities of 80% Methanol Extract and Solvent Fractions of Verbascum Sinaiticum Benth (Scrophulariaceae) Leaves in Mice.
Dereje B, Nardos A, Abdela J, Terefe L, Arega M, Yilma TM, Tesfaye T. Dereje B, et al. J Exp Pharmacol. 2023 Nov 9;15:423-436. doi: 10.2147/JEP.S437991. eCollection 2023. J Exp Pharmacol. 2023. PMID: 37964792 Free PMC article.

See all "Cited by" articles

References

1. S. Fazeli Farsani, A.A.M.P. Van der et al. Global trends in the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: a systematic review and evaluation of methodological approaches. Diabetologia 56, 1471–88 (2013) - PubMed - DOI
1. C.L. Ogden, M.D. Carroll, H.G. Lawman, C.D. Fryar, D. Kruszon-Moran, B.K. Kit et al. Trends in obesity prevalence among children and adolescents in the United States, 1988–1994 through 2013–2014. JAMA 315, 2292–9 (2016) - PubMed - PMC - DOI
1. S.H. Kwak, K.S. Park, Genetics of type 2 diabetes and potential clinical implications. Arch. Pharm. Res. 36, 167–177 (2013) - PubMed - DOI
1. S.A. Arslanian, Metabolic differences between Caucasian and African-American children and the relationship to type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 15(Suppl 1), 509–517 (2002) - PubMed
1. S. Arslanian, F. Bacha, M. Grey, M.D. Marcus, N.H. White, P. Zeitler, Evaluation and management of youth-onset type 2 diabetes: A position statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 41, 2648–2668 (2018) - PubMed - PMC - DOI

Publication types

Actions

MeSH terms

Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions

Substances

Actions
Actions
Actions

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
- Springer
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information

[1] S. Fazeli Farsani, A.A.M.P. Van der et al. Global trends in the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: a systematic review and evaluation of methodological approaches. Diabetologia 56, 1471–88 (2013) - PubMed - DOI

[2] S. Fazeli Farsani, A.A.M.P. Van der et al. Global trends in the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: a systematic review and evaluation of methodological approaches. Diabetologia 56, 1471–88 (2013) - PubMed - DOI

[3] C.L. Ogden, M.D. Carroll, H.G. Lawman, C.D. Fryar, D. Kruszon-Moran, B.K. Kit et al. Trends in obesity prevalence among children and adolescents in the United States, 1988–1994 through 2013–2014. JAMA 315, 2292–9 (2016) - PubMed - PMC - DOI

[4] C.L. Ogden, M.D. Carroll, H.G. Lawman, C.D. Fryar, D. Kruszon-Moran, B.K. Kit et al. Trends in obesity prevalence among children and adolescents in the United States, 1988–1994 through 2013–2014. JAMA 315, 2292–9 (2016) - PubMed - PMC - DOI

[5] S.H. Kwak, K.S. Park, Genetics of type 2 diabetes and potential clinical implications. Arch. Pharm. Res. 36, 167–177 (2013) - PubMed - DOI

[6] S.H. Kwak, K.S. Park, Genetics of type 2 diabetes and potential clinical implications. Arch. Pharm. Res. 36, 167–177 (2013) - PubMed - DOI

[7] S.A. Arslanian, Metabolic differences between Caucasian and African-American children and the relationship to type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 15(Suppl 1), 509–517 (2002) - PubMed

[8] S.A. Arslanian, Metabolic differences between Caucasian and African-American children and the relationship to type 2 diabetes mellitus. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 15(Suppl 1), 509–517 (2002) - PubMed

[9] S. Arslanian, F. Bacha, M. Grey, M.D. Marcus, N.H. White, P. Zeitler, Evaluation and management of youth-onset type 2 diabetes: A position statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 41, 2648–2668 (2018) - PubMed - PMC - DOI

[10] S. Arslanian, F. Bacha, M. Grey, M.D. Marcus, N.H. White, P. Zeitler, Evaluation and management of youth-onset type 2 diabetes: A position statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 41, 2648–2668 (2018) - PubMed - PMC - DOI

Save citation to file

Email citation

Add to Collections

Add to My Bibliography

Your saved search

Create a file for external citation management software

Your RSS Feed

Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: distinct characteristics and evidence-based management

Affiliations

Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: distinct characteristics and evidence-based management

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Similar articles

Cited by

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical

Abstract

Similar articles

Cited by

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Substances

Related information

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical