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. 2022 Aug 11;7(33):29356-29368.
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03603. eCollection 2022 Aug 23.

Palladium-Supported Polydopamine-Coated NiFe2O4@TiO2: A Sole Photocatalyst for Suzuki and Sonogashira Coupling Reactions under Sunlight Irradiation

Prashanth Goud Banda  1 , Raghasudha Mucherla  1
Affiliations

Palladium-Supported Polydopamine-Coated NiFe2O4@TiO2: A Sole Photocatalyst for Suzuki and Sonogashira Coupling Reactions under Sunlight Irradiation

Prashanth Goud Banda et al. ACS Omega. .

Abstract

The effective utilization of solar energy in synthetic organic chemistry has gained extensive attention owing to its enormous energy and environmentally benign nature. In this context, we designed and synthesized a magnetically retrievable, sole palladium (Pd)-supported polydopamine-coated core@shell (NiFe2O4@TiO2) heterogeneous nanophotocatalyst for Suzuki and Sonogashira coupling reactions under sunlight irradiation. The synthesized catalyst was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared, UV-vis, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer analysis. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized nanocatalyst under sunlight irradiation was assessed for both Suzuki and Sonogashira coupling reactions, where it worked excellently well with a high yield of the product up to 98 and 96%, respectively. Its efficacy was also investigated in the conversion of substituted substrates in both the coupling reactions into desired biaryls and diarylacetylenes. Unique features of the synthesized catalyst are (i) its effective performance for both the aforesaid coupling reactions under ambient reaction conditions for a short reaction time in polar protic solvents (ethanolic water/EtOH) with good yield without any byproduct, (ii) magnetic retrieval of the catalyst from the reaction mixture employing an external magnet is an added advantage, and (iii) the retrieved catalyst could potentially be reutilized for up to five consecutive runs without appreciable diminution of catalytic efficacy, and its stability was confirmed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy analysis and XRD.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Figures

Scheme 1
Scheme 1. Preparation Path of the NiFe2O4@TiO2@PDA-Pd Nanophotocatalyst
Figure 1
Figure 1
(a) XRD spectra and (b) FTIR spectra of samples.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a,b) SEM images, (c) EDX, (d) PDA layer, (e,f) TEM images with a particle size histogram, (g) HRTEM image, and (h) SAED pattern of NiFe2O4@TiO2@PDA-Pd.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(a) Ti 2p peaks, (b) N 1s peak, (c) Pd 3d peaks, and (d) magnetization curve of NiFe2O4@TiO2@PDA-Pd; inset: zoomed-in region of the area under the curve.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(a) UV–vis absorption spectra and (b) band gap energies of the samples.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Recyclability of NiFe2O4@TiO2@PDA-Pd for photocatalytic activity. (a) Suzuki and (b) Sonogashira reactions.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Plausible photocatalytic mechanism over the NiFe2O4@TiO2@PDA-Pd nanophotocatalyst of Suzuki and Sonogashira coupling reactions.
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