Decrements in lung function and respiratory abnormalities associated with exposure to diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione in coffee production workers

Abstract

Coffee production workers are exposed to complex mixtures of gases, dust, and vapors, including the known respiratory toxins, diacetyl, and 2,3-pentanedione, which occur naturally during coffee roasting and are also present in flavorings used to flavor coffee. This study evaluated the associations of these two α-diketones with lung function measures in coffee production workers. Workers completed questionnaires, and their lung function was assessed by spirometry and impulse oscillometry (IOS). Personal exposures to diacetyl, 2,3-pentanedione, and their sum (Sum_DA+PD) were assigned to participants, and metrics of the highest 95th percentile (P95), cumulative, and average exposure were calculated. Linear and logistic regression models for continuous and binary/polytomous outcomes, respectively, were used to explore exposure-response relationships adjusting for age, body mass index, tenure, height, sex, smoking status, race, or allergic status. Decrements in percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (ppFEV₁) and forced vital capacity (ppFVC) were associated with the highest-P95 exposures to 2,3-pentanedione and Sum_DA+PD. Among flavoring workers, larger decrements in ppFEV₁ and ppFVC were associated with highest-P95 exposures to diacetyl, 2,3-pentanedione, and Sum_DA+PD. Abnormal FEV₁, FVC, and restrictive spirometric patterns were associated with the highest-P95, cumulative, and average exposures for all α-diketone metrics; some of these associations were also present among flavoring and non-flavoring workers. The combined category of small and peripheral airways plus small and large airways abnormalities on IOS had elevated odds for highest-P95 exposure to α-diketones. These results may be affected by the small sample size, few cases of abnormal spirometry, and the healthy worker effect. Associations between lung function abnormalities and exposure to α-diketones suggest it may be prudent to consider exposure controls in both flavoring and non-flavoring settings.

Keywords: 2; 3-pentanedione; coffee production; diacetyl; impulse oscillometry; peak exposures; restrictive pattern; small airways; spirometry.

Figure 1

Creation of job/task-exposure matrix and summary exposure metrics. Blue text boxes include metrics used in the epidemiologic analyses; green text boxes include information gathered from the questionnaire; black text boxes include exposure data and the summary metrics in the JEM/TEM.

Figure 2

(A,B) Panel plots of exposure and health characteristics by tenure stratified by flavoring.