Competing interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at www.icmje.org/disclosure-of-interest/ and declare: no support from any organisation for the submitted work; AAM reports receiving research grants from Forte (2020-00029), Vetenskapsrådet (2021-02236) , and the Strategic Research Area in Epidemiology and Biostatistics at Karolinska Institutet outside the submitted work; GD reports receiving research funds from the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute on target trial design for case control studies (ME-160936748); NI reports receiving research grants from the UK Office for National Statistics and Canadian Institutes of Health Research; TK reports receiving research grants from the Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss (G-BA-Federal Joint Committee (Germany)), Bundesministerium für Gesundheit (BMG-Federal Ministry of Health (Germany)) outside the submitted work, and has received personal compensation from Eli Lilly and Company, Teva Pharmaceuticals, TotalEnergies SE, The BMJ, and Frontiers.