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. 2022 Aug 16:10:891929.
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.891929. eCollection 2022.

The Global Burden of Diseases attributed to high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol from 1990 to 2019

Jia Zheng  1 , Jing Wang  2 , Yan Zhang  3 , Jiangliu Xia  1 , Huilan Guo  4 , Haiying Hu  4 , Pengfei Shan  2 , Tianlang Li  1
Affiliations

The Global Burden of Diseases attributed to high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol from 1990 to 2019

Jia Zheng et al. Front Public Health. .

Abstract

Background: To demonstrate the real-word situation of burdens that are attributed to the risk factor of high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) at the global, regional, national levels, among different age groups and between genders.

Methods: We analyzed data from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019 related to global deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), summary exposure value (SEV), average annual percentage change (AAPC), and observed to expected ratios (O/E ratios) attributable to high LDL-C from 1990 to 2019.

Results: Globally, in 2019, the total numbers of deaths and DALYs attributed to high LDL cholesterol were 1.47 and 1.41 times higher than that in 1990. The age-standardized deaths and DALYs rate was 1.45 and 1.70 times in males compared to females, while the age-standardized SEVs rate was 1.10 times in females compared to males. The deaths, DALYs, and SEV rates increased with age. In 2019, the highest age-standardized rates of both deaths and DALYs occurred in Eastern Europe while the lowest occurred in high-income Asia Pacific. High-income North America experienced a dramatic reduction of risk related to high LDL-C. Correlation analysis identified that the age-standardized SEV rate was positively correlated with Socio-demographic Index (SDI; r = 0.7753, P < 0.001). The average annual percentage change (AAPC) of age-standardized SEV rate decreased in the high SDI and high-middle SDI regions but increased in the middle SDI, low-middle SDI, and low SDI regions. High LDL-C mainly contributed to ischemic heart diseases.

Conclusion: High LDL-C contributed considerably to health burden worldwide. Males suffered worse health outcomes attributed to high LDL-C when compared to females. The burden attributed to high LDL-C increased with age. Lower SDI regions and countries experienced more health problem challenges attributed to high LDL-C as the result of social development and this should be reflected in policymaking.

Keywords: Global Burden of Disease; cardiovascular disease; cholesterol; disability-adjusted life years; low-density lipoproteins.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Global burden attributed to high LDL-C from 1990 to 2019. (A) Deaths number; (B) DALYs number; (C) Deaths rate per 100, 000 persons; (D) DALYs rate per 100,000 persons; (E) Age-standardized deaths rate per 100,000 persons; (F) Age-standardized DALYs rate per 100,000 persons; (G) Age-standardized SEVs rate per 100 persons.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Burden of different age group in males and females attributed to high LDL-C. (A) Deaths rate per 100,000 persons; (B) DALYs rate per 100,000 persons; (C) SEV rate per 100 persons.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The age-standardized SEVs rate attributed to high LDL-C in 1990–2010–2019.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Ranks of 21 regions according to ASDR (A) and age-standardized DALYs rate (B) attributed to high LDL-C in 1990–2010–2019.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The correlations between ASDR (A), age-standardized DALYs rate (B), age-standardized SEVs rate (C), and SDI of 204 countries and territories in 2019.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Average annual percentage change of age-standardized SEVs rate attributed to high LDL-C by year in the whole world (A), high SDI regions (B), high-middle SDI regions (C), middle SDI regions (D), low-middle SDI regions (E), and low SDI regions (F).
Figure 7
Figure 7
ASDR attributed to high LDL-C in 204 countries and territories in 2019 (A). Age-standardized DALYs rate attributed to high LDL-C in 204 countries and territories in 2019 (B). Average annual percentage change (AAPC) of ASDR attributed to high LDL-C in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019 (C). AAPC of age-standardized DALYs rate attributed to high LDL-C in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019 (D). O/E ratio of ASDR attributed to high LDL-C in 204 countries and territories in 2019 (E). O/E ratio of age-standardized DALYs rate attributed to high LDL-C in 204 countries and territories in 2019 (F).
Figure 8
Figure 8
Proportion of deaths (A) and DALYs (B) caused by ischemic heart diseases and strokes in different age groups.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Proportion of deaths (A) and DALYs (B) caused by ischemic heart diseases and strokes in different regions.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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