Feast or famine: How is global change affecting forage supply for Yellowstone's ungulate herds?

Abstract

The ecological integrity of US national parks and other protected areas are under threat in the Anthropocene. For Yellowstone National Park (YNP), the impacts that global change has already had on the park's capacity to sustain its large migratory herds of wild ungulates is incompletely understood. Here we examine how two understudied components of global change, the historical increase in atmospheric CO₂ and the spread of nonnative, invasive plant species, may have altered the capacity of YNP to provide forage for ungulates over the last 200-plus years. We performed two experiments: (1) a growth chamber study that determined the growth rates of important invasive and native YNP grasses that are forages for ungulates under preindustrial (280 ppm) versus modern (410 ppm) CO₂ levels and (2) a field study that compared the effect of defoliation (clipping) on the shoot growth of invasive and native mesic grassland plants under ambient CO₂ conditions in 2019. The growth chamber experiment revealed that modern CO₂ increased the growth rates of both invasive and native grasses, and invasive grasses grew faster regardless of CO₂ conditions. The field results showed a continuum of positive to negative responses of shoot growth to defoliation, with a subgroup of invasive species responding most positively. Altogether the results indicated that the historical increase in CO₂ and the spread of invasive species, some of which were planted to provide forage for ungulates in the early and mid-1900s, have likely increased the capacity of forage production in YNP. However, rising CO₂ has also resulted in regional warming and increased aridity in YNP, which will likely reduce grassland productivity. The challenge for global change biologists and park managers is to determine how competing components of global change have already affected and will increasingly affect forage dynamics and the sustainability of Yellowstone's iconic ungulate herds in the Anthropocene.

Keywords: Anthropocene; Yellowstone National Park; atmospheric CO2; climate change; grasslands; grazing; herbivory; invasive plants; ungulates.

FIGURE 1

Boxplots for ln (natural logarithm) shoot, ln root, and ln total biomass of invasive and native Yellowstone National Park grasses (left) and by species (right). ACRI, Achnatherum richardsonii; BRCA, Bromus carinatus; BRIN, Bromus inermis; DECE, Deschampsia cespitosa; KOMA, Koeleria macrantha; PHPR, Phleum pratense; POPR, Poa pratensis.

FIGURE 2

Boxplots for leaf mass fraction of invasive and native Yellowstone National Park (YNP) grasses (left) and by species (right). ACRI, Achnatherum richardsonii; BRCA, Bromus carinatus; BRIN, Bromus inermis; DECE, Deschampsia cespitosa; KOMA, Koeleria macrantha; PHPR, Phleum pratense; POPR, Poa pratensis.

FIGURE 3

Mean (±standard error) relative abundance of species in 10 randomly located plots in Lamar Valley. Invasive and native species are indicated in red and blue, respectively. The number of plots in which each species occurred are provided. See Appendix S1: Table S2 for species identifications.

FIGURE 4

Mean (±standard error) effect of clipping on forage (shoot) production for native and invasive species in June and July in mesic grassland of the Lamar Valley. Species means were calculated from exclosures where the species was present in clipped and unclipped quadrats. Identification and the number of exclosures included in calculating the clipping effect for each species are provided. Asterisk (*) denotes probability ≤0.05. See Appendix S1: Table S2 for species identifications.