Recent advances in biofunctional guided bone regeneration materials for repairing defective alveolar and maxillofacial bone: A review

Abstract

The anatomy of the oral and maxillofacial sites is complex, and bone defects caused by trauma, tumors, and inflammation in these zones are extremely difficult to repair. Among the most effective and reliable methods to attain osteogenesis, the guided bone regeneration (GBR) technique is extensively applied in defective oral and maxillofacial GBR. Furthermore, endowing biofunctions is crucial for GBR materials applied in repairing defective alveolar and maxillofacial bones. In this review, recent advances in designing and fabricating GBR materials applied in oral and maxillofacial sites are classified and discussed according to their biofunctions, including maintaining space for bone growth; facilitating the adhesion, migration, and proliferation of osteoblasts; facilitating the migration and differentiation of progenitor cells; promoting vascularization; providing immunoregulation to induce osteogenesis; suppressing infection; and effectively mimicking natural tissues using graded biomimetic materials. In addition, new processing strategies (e.g., 3D printing) and new design concepts (e.g., developing bone mimetic extracellular matrix niches and preparing scaffolds to suppress connective tissue to actively acquire space for bone regeneration), are particularly worthy of further study. In the future, GBR materials with richer biological functions are expected to be developed based on an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of bone-GBR-material interactions.

Keywords: Biofunctional materials; Defective alveolar and maxillofacial bone; Guided bone regeneration.

Fig. 1

Classification of adhesive mechanisms for natural macromolecular materials on osteoblast.

Fig. 2

Schematic illustration of the preparation of a laminated cell-collagen construct with angle-ply structure and its implantation in a mouse calvarial defect model .

Fig. 3

Schematic classifications of GBR materials to facilitate migration and differentiation of progenitor cells.

Fig. 4

Schematic diagram of the construction of CTP-SA and GTR surgery .

Fig. 5

Schematic of fabrication of the PCL/Col/ZIF-8 composite membrane for guided bone regeneration .

Fig. 6

Schematic illustration of the fabrication process and potential advantages in bone regeneration of PVFT-BGM scaffolds .