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. 2023 Jan;30(4):9914-9931.
doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-22812-4. Epub 2022 Sep 6.

Risk assessment and spatio-temporal distribution of dissolved trace metals in Swarna, Sharavati and Kali estuaries, South-West Coast of India

D'Souza Nishitha  1 , Athiyarath Krishnan Sudheer  2 , Kumar Arun  1 , Vadakkeveedu Narayan Amrish  1 , Gaddam Mahesh  2 , Harikripa Narayana Udayashankar  1 , Keshava Balakrishna  3
Affiliations

Risk assessment and spatio-temporal distribution of dissolved trace metals in Swarna, Sharavati and Kali estuaries, South-West Coast of India

D'Souza Nishitha et al. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Jan.

Abstract

Trace metals act as a limiting nutrient and prerequisite for primary productivity in marine environments. The distribution of metals in dissolved phase along the salinity gradients of Swarna, Sharavati and Kali estuaries in southwestern India, during post and pre-monsoon seasons, were studied. We have investigated the behaviour of trace metals in the estuarine environment and their extent of impact on human health and ecosystem. The study revealed, non-conservative behaviour of dissolved Mn, Fe, Ni, Cd and Co in the estuaries. Whereas Cu behaved non-conservatively in post-monsoon and conservatively in pre-monsoon seasons. Risk assessment studies revealed that higher chronic daily intake (CDI) in humans, through dermal pathway, in Swarna and Sharavati estuaries during post-monsoon, whereas it was during pre-monsoon season in the Kali estuary. Hazard Index values for the studied metals in adults and children are below risk thresholds, though children are more prone to health risk through the dermal pathway.

Keywords: Dissolved trace metals; Ecosystem; Environmental pollutants; Hazard Index; Risk assessment; Salinity gradient.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Map showing the sampling points along the salinity gradient of Sita-Swarna, Sharavati and Kali estuaries (Nishitha et al., 2021)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Spatiotemporal distribution of Mn and Fe along the salinity gradient of Swarna, Sharavati and Kali estuary (TDL: Theoretical dilution line)
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Spatiotemporal distribution of Co and Ni along the salinity gradient of Swarna, Sharavati and Kali estuary
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Spatiotemporal distribution of Cu and Cd along the salinity gradient of Swarna, Sharavati and Kali estuary
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Spatiotemporal distribution of Pb along the salinity gradient of Swarna, Sharavati and Kali estuary
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
CDI ingestion and dermal rate between two population groups (adult and children) during post-monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons
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