Pericoronary fat attenuation index-a new imaging biomarker and its diagnostic and prognostic utility: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Pericoronary fat attenuation index (FAI) on coronary computed tomography angiography imaging has been proposed as a novel marker of coronary vascular inflammation with prognostic value for major cardiovascular events. To date, there is no systematic review of the published literature and no meta-analysed data of previously published results. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We systematically explored published literature in MEDLINE (PubMed) before 20 January 2022 for studies assessing FAI in both diagnostic and prognostic clinical settings in patients with or without cardiovascular disease. The primary outcome was the mean difference in FAI attenuation between stable and unstable coronary plaques. The secondary outcome was the hazard ratio (HR) of high FAI values for future cardiovascular events. We calculated I2 to test heterogeneity. We used random-effects modelling for the meta-analyses to assess the primary and secondary outcomes. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021229491). In total, 20 studies referred in a total of 7797 patients were included in this systematic review, while nine studies were used for the meta-analysis. FAI was significantly higher in unstable compared with stable plaques with a mean difference of 4.50 Hounsfield units [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10-7.89, I2 = 88%] among 902 patients. Higher pericoronary FAI values offered incremental prognostic value for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in studies with prospective follow-up (HR = 3.29, 95% CI: 1.88-5.76, I2 = 75%) among 6335 patients. Pericoronary FAI seems to be a promising imaging biomarker that can be used for the detection of coronary inflammation, possibly to discriminate between stable and unstable plaques, and inform on the prognosis for future MACE. Further validation of these findings and exploration of the cost-effectiveness of the method before implementation in clinical practice are needed.

Keywords: FAI; computed tomography; fat attenuation index; imaging; major adverse cardiovascular events; prevention; unstable plaques.

Graphical Abstract

Figure 1

PRISMA flow diagram.

Figure 2

Forest plot for MACE.MACEs, major adverse cardiovascular events; n, number; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval. ^a,bIn the study of Oikonomou et al., two cohorts from different derivations were analysed. Cohort No. 1 (Erlangen): 1872 subjects, and Cohort No. 2 (Cleveland): 2040 subjects. *The study of Oikonomou et al. included 1575 subjects.

Figure 3

Forest plot of FAI as a biomarker of unstable plaques. FAI, fat attenuation index; N, number; MD, mean difference; CI, confidence interval; PVAT, perivascular adipose tissue; LAD, left anterior descending artery; RCA, right coronary artery. Sugiyama provide two separate analyses: one for PVAT in LAD and another for PVAT in RCA.