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. 2022 Nov-Dec;137(6):1217-1226.
doi: 10.1177/00333549221120451. Epub 2022 Sep 8.

COVID-19-Related Stressors and Mental Health Disorders Among US Adults

Rebekah Levine Coley  1 , Naoka Carey  1 , Christopher F Baum  2 , Summer Sherburne Hawkins  3
Affiliations

COVID-19-Related Stressors and Mental Health Disorders Among US Adults

Rebekah Levine Coley et al. Public Health Rep. 2022 Nov-Dec.

Abstract

Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to severe mental health repercussions. We examined rates of anxiety and depression in the United States during the pandemic by demographic characteristics, individual stressors, and COVID-19 infection rates and policy contexts.

Methods: We merged data from the April 2020-March 2021 US Household Pulse Survey with state-level data on COVID-19 rates and mitigation policies, including stay-at-home orders, face mask mandates, and restaurant closures. We estimated weighted logistic regression models to assess correlates of anxiety and depression.

Results: Rates of anxiety and depression peaked in late 2020 at 39% and 32%, respectively. Food insecurity and disrupted medical care were associated with more than twice the odds of anxiety and depression (food insecurity: odds ratio [OR] = 2.58 for anxiety and 2.61 for depression; disrupted medical care: OR = 2.40 and 2.27). Being not employed (OR = 1.32 for anxiety and 1.45 for depression), uninsured (OR = 1.30 and 1.38), housing insecure (OR = 1.41 and 1.34), and experiencing disruptions in education (OR = 1.28 and 1.25) were linked to 25% to 45% increased odds of anxiety and depression. Increases in state COVID-19 infection rates were associated with significantly heightened odds of anxiety and depression (OR = 1.01 for anxiety and depression), but state mitigation policies were not.

Conclusions: Levels of anxiety and depression rose during the pandemic, particularly among economically vulnerable individuals and those experiencing economic and service disruptions. Future research should assess the effectiveness of policies targeting COVID-19 economic and service disruptions.

Keywords: COVID-19; COVID-19 policies; health disparities; mental health.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Figures

Figure.
Figure.
Predicted rates of anxiety and depression, derived from weighted data from Household Pulse Survey participants, April 23, 2020–March 29, 2021 (N = 2 085 041). Data source: Fields et al. No surveys were collected on omitted dates (eg, July 22–August 18; December 22–January 5).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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