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Review
. 2022 Aug 23:13:1002551.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1002551. eCollection 2022.

Mechanisms of extracellular vesicle-mediated immune evasion in melanoma

Lothar C Dieterich  1
Affiliations
Review

Mechanisms of extracellular vesicle-mediated immune evasion in melanoma

Lothar C Dieterich. Front Immunol. .

Erratum in

Abstract

Melanoma-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been found to promote tumor growth and progression, and to predict patient responsiveness to immunotherapy. Consequently, EVs have been implicated in tumor immune evasion, and multiple studies reported immune-regulatory activities of melanoma EVs in vitro and in vivo. This review highlights mechanistic insights in EV-mediated regulation of various immune cell types, including effects on inflammatory, apoptotic, stress-sensing and immune checkpoint pathways as well as antigen-dependent responses. Additionally, current challenges in the field are discussed that need to be overcome to determine the clinical relevance of these various mechanisms and to develop corresponding therapeutic approaches to promote tumor immunity and immunotherapy responsiveness in melanoma patients in the future.

Keywords: exosome; extracellular vesicle (EV); immune checkpoint; immunotherapy; lymph node; melanoma; metastasis; tumor immunity.

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Conflict of interest statement

The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Mechanisms of melanoma EV-mediated immune cell regulation Schematic representation of several molecular mechanisms how melanoma-derived EVs can regulate immune cell behavior. Further explanations in the text. Dotted arrows indicate pathways that require EV uptake and release of EV cargo. PS, Phosphatidyl-serine; PS-R, PS-receptor; TAA, tumor-associated antigen; PEDF, pigment epithelium derived factor.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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