Affiliations

• ¹ Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• ² Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
• ³ Department of Anesthesia, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Melbourne Children's Trials Center, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and Departments of Pediatrics and Critical Care, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.