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. 2023 Mar;19(1):34-43.
doi: 10.1007/s12024-022-00521-1. Epub 2022 Sep 14.

Surface wave analysis of the skin for penetrating and non-penetrating projectile impact in porcine legs

Joseph LeSueur  1   2 , Carolyn Hampton  3 , Jared Koser  1   2   4 , Sajal Chirvi  2   4 , Frank A Pintar  5   6   7
Affiliations

Surface wave analysis of the skin for penetrating and non-penetrating projectile impact in porcine legs

Joseph LeSueur et al. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2023 Mar.

Abstract

Secondary blast injuries may result from high-velocity projectile fragments which ultimately increase medical costs, reduce active work time, and decrease quality of life. The role of skin penetration requires more investigation in energy absorption and surface mechanics for implementation in computational ballistic models. High-speed ballistic penetration studies have not considered penetrating and non-penetrating biomechanical properties of the skin, including radial wave displacement, resultant surface wave speed, or projectile material influence. A helium-pressurized launcher was used to accelerate 3/8″ (9.525 mm) diameter spherical projectiles toward seventeen whole porcine legs from seven pigs (39.53 ± 7.28 kg) at projectile velocities below and above V50. Projectiles included a mix of materials: stainless steel (n = 26), Si3N4 (n = 24), and acetal plastic (n = 24). Tracker video analysis software was used to determine projectile velocity at impact from the perpendicular view and motion of the tissue displacement wave from the in-line view. Average radial wave displacement and surface wave speed were calculated for each projectile material and categorized by penetrating or non-penetrating impacts. Two-sample t-tests determined that non-penetrating projectiles resulted in significantly faster surface wave speeds in porcine skin for stainless steel (p = 0.002), plastic (p = 0.004), and Si3N4 ball bearings (p = 0.014), while ANOVA determined significant differences in radial wave displacement and surface wave speed between projectile materials. Surface wave speed was used to quantify mechanical properties of the skin including elastic modulus, shear modulus, and bulk modulus during ballistic impact, which may be implemented to simulate accurate deformation behavior in computational impact models.

Keywords: Ballistics; Biomechanics; Elastic modulus; Modeling; Radial wave displacement; Surface wave speed.

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