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Review
. 2022 Jun 28;11(7):973.
doi: 10.3390/biology11070973.

Immune-Mediated Diseases from the Point of View of Psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology

Miguel A Ortega  1   2 , Cielo García-Montero  1   2 , Oscar Fraile-Martinez  1   2 , Miguel Angel Alvarez-Mon  1   2   3 , Ana Maria Gómez-Lahoz  1   2 , Guillermo Lahera  1   2   4 , Jorge Monserrat  1   2 , Roberto Rodriguez-Jimenez  5   6 , Javier Quintero  3   5 , Melchor Álvarez-Mon  1   2   7
Affiliations
Review

Immune-Mediated Diseases from the Point of View of Psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology

Miguel A Ortega et al. Biology (Basel). .

Abstract

Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) represent a large group of diseases (Crohn's, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis) evidenced by systemic inflammation and multiorgan involvement. IMIDs result in a reduced quality of life and an economic burden for individuals, health care systems, and countries. In this brief descriptive review, we will focus on some of the common biological pathways of these diseases from the point of view of psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology (PNIE). PNIE consists of four medical disciplines (psychology, nervous system, immune system, and endocrine system), which are key drivers behind the health-disease concept that a human being functions as a unit. We examine these drivers and emphasize the need for integrative treatments that addresses the disease from a psychosomatic point of view.

Keywords: immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID); integrative medicine; psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology (PNIE); psychosomatic therapy.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A global perspective of the role of psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology (PNIE) in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). As shown, different psychological (P), neurological (N), immune (I), and endocrine (E) factors will interact significantly during IMID, which are in turn influenced by a series of environmental and genetic factors. Thus, these patients present various ailments and manifestations that go beyond the pathophysiology of the disease itself. For example, it is common to observe a systemic inflammatory response that also affects other organs, such as the brain (neuroinflammation), intestine (intestinal permeability, microbial dysbiosis), or endocrine system (alterations in glucose metabolism and energy metabolism and disruption of circadian rhythms). Other frequent consequences of IMIDs are fatigue, chronic pain, skin manifestations, psychiatric disorders, and increased risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Thus, comprehensive clinical management that considers the interrelation of all these systems is necessary to provide patient-centred treatments adapted to chronorhythms, nutrition, management of emotional stress, and physical activity.
Figure 2
Figure 2
A holistic view of the potential treatment of IMIDs from a PNIE perspective.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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