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. 2022 Dec 12;45(12):zsac212.
doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsac212.

Biomarker associations with insomnia and secondary sleep outcomes in persons with and without HIV in the POPPY-Sleep substudy: a cohort study

Nicholas Bakewell  1 , Caroline A Sabin  1 , Riya Negi  2 , Alejandro Garcia-Leon  2 , Alan Winston  3 , Memory Sachikonye  4 , Nicki Doyle  3 , Susan Redline  5   6   7 , Patrick W G Mallon  2 , Ken M Kunisaki  8   9
Affiliations

Biomarker associations with insomnia and secondary sleep outcomes in persons with and without HIV in the POPPY-Sleep substudy: a cohort study

Nicholas Bakewell et al. Sleep. .

Abstract

Study objectives: We investigated associations between inflammatory profiles/clusters and sleep measures in people living with HIV and demographically-/lifestyle-similar HIV-negative controls in the Pharmacokinetic and clinical Observations in PeoPle over fiftY (POPPY)-Sleep substudy.

Methods: Primary outcome was insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index [ISI]>15). Secondary sleep outcomes included 7-day actigraphy (e.g. mean/standard deviation of sleep duration/efficiency), overnight oximetry (e.g. oxygen desaturation index [ODI]) and patient-reported measures (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) sleep questionnaires). Participants were grouped using Principal Component Analysis of 31 biomarkers across several inflammatory pathways followed by cluster analysis. Between-cluster differences in baseline characteristics and sleep outcomes were assessed using Kruskal-Wallis/logistic regression/Chi-squared/Fisher's exact tests.

Results: Of the 465 participants included (74% people with HIV, median [interquartile range] age 54 [50-60] years), only 18% had insomnia and secondary sleep outcomes suggested generally good sleep (e.g. ODI 3.1/hr [1.5-6.4]). Three clusters with distinct inflammatory profiles were identified: "gut/immune activation" (n = 47), "neurovascular" (n = 209), and "reference" (relatively lower inflammation; n = 209). The "neurovascular" cluster included higher proportions of people with HIV, obesity (BMI>30 kg/m2), and previous cardiovascular disease, mental health disorder, and arthritis of knee/hip relative to the other two clusters. No clinically relevant between-cluster differences were observed in proportions with insomnia (17%, 18%, 20%) before (p = .76) or after (p = .75) adjustment for potential confounders. Few associations were observed among actigraphy, oximetry, and PROMIS measures.

Conclusions: Although associations could exist with other sleep measures or biomarker types not assessed, our findings do not support a strong association between sleep and inflammation in people with HIV.

Keywords: HIV; biomarkers; inflammation; insomnia; sleep problems.

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Figures

Graphical Abstract
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Heatmap of log-transformed standardized biomarker values for the three clusters identified.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Estimated odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for insomnia comparing clusters (relative to the “reference” cluster; unadjusted and adjusted (HIV status, age, sex, race)).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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