Malaria prevalence in HIV-positive children, pregnant women, and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background: Malaria in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients is an ever-increasing global burden for human health. The present meta-analysis summarizes published literature on the prevalence of malaria infection in HIV-positive children, pregnant women and adults.

Methods: This study followed the PRISMA guideline. The PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scopus and Cochrane databases were searched for relevant entries published between 1 January 1983 and 1 March 2020. All peer-reviewed original papers evaluating the prevalence of malaria among HIV-positive patients were included. Incoherence and heterogeneity between studies were quantified by the I² index and Cochran's Q test. Publication and population biases were assessed with funnel plots, and Egger's regression asymmetry test.

Results: A total of 106 studies were included in this systematic review. The average prevalence of malaria among HIV-positive children, HIV-positive pregnant women and HIV-positive adults was 39.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 26.6-52.9), 32.3% (95% CI = 26.3-38.6) and 27.3% (95% CI = 20.1-35.1), respectively. In adult patients with HIV, CD4⁺ (cluster of differentiation 4) < 200 cells/µl and age < 40 years were associated with a significant increase in the odds of malaria infection (odds ratio [OR] = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.2-1.7 and OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 1-1.3, respectively). Antiretroviral therapy (ART) and being male were associated with a significant decrease in the chance of malaria infection in HIV-positive adults (OR = 0.8, 95% CI = 0.7-0.9 and OR = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.2-0.3, respectively). In pregnant women with HIV, CD4⁺ count < 200 cells/µl was related to a higher risk for malaria infection (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.1-1.9).

Conclusions: This systematic review demonstrates that malaria infection is concerningly common among HIV-positive children, pregnant women and adults. Among HIV-positive adults, ART medication and being male were associated with a substantial decrease in infection with malaria. For pregnant women, CD4⁺ count of < 200 cells/µl was a considerable risk factor for malaria infection.

Keywords: AIDS; Anopheles; People living with HIV; Plasmodium; Protozoan parasite.

Fig. 1

Flowchart of study selection process

Fig. 2

Forest plot diagram of malaria prevalence in human immunodeficiency virus-positive children (first author, year and country)

Fig. 3

Forest plot diagram of malaria prevalence in human immunodeficiency virus-positive adults (first author, year, and country)

Fig. 4

Forest plot diagram of malaria prevalence in human immunodeficiency virus-positive pregnant women (first author, year, and country)