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Review
. 2022 Oct 8;400(10359):1224-1280.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01585-9. Epub 2022 Sep 14.

The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic

Jeffrey D Sachs  1 , Salim S Abdool Karim  2 , Lara Aknin  3 , Joseph Allen  4 , Kirsten Brosbøl  5 , Francesca Colombo  6 , Gabriela Cuevas Barron  7 , María Fernanda Espinosa  8 , Vitor Gaspar  9 , Alejandro Gaviria  10 , Andy Haines  11 , Peter J Hotez  12 , Phoebe Koundouri  13 , Felipe Larraín Bascuñán  14 , Jong-Koo Lee  15 , Muhammad Ali Pate  16 , Gabriela Ramos  17 , K Srinath Reddy  18 , Ismail Serageldin  19 , John Thwaites  20 , Vaira Vike-Freiberga  21 , Chen Wang  22 , Miriam Khamadi Were  23 , Lan Xue  24 , Chandrika Bahadur  25 , Maria Elena Bottazzi  12 , Chris Bullen  26 , George Laryea-Adjei  27 , Yanis Ben Amor  28 , Ozge Karadag  28 , Guillaume Lafortune  29 , Emma Torres  30 , Lauren Barredo  30 , Juliana G E Bartels  28 , Neena Joshi  30 , Margaret Hellard  31 , Uyen Kim Huynh  32 , Shweta Khandelwal  18 , Jeffrey V Lazarus  33 , Susan Michie  34
Affiliations
Review

The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic

Jeffrey D Sachs et al. Lancet. .
No abstract available

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of interests SSAK declares grants paid to the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa from the National Institutes of Health (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases), the South African Medical Research Council, the National Research Foundation, and the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership. He is a vice-president of the International Science Council; a commissioner of the African Commission on COVID-19; and a member of the WHO Science Council, the Advisory Council of the Physicians for Human Rights, the Global Medical Advisory Board on COVID-19 for Sanofi Pasteur, and the Scientific Advisory Committee of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. CBa declares consulting fees from and is a member of the advisory board of the Sustainable Development Solutions Network. MEB and PJH are co-directors of a team of scientists at Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, who are co-inventors of a COVID-19 recombinant protein vaccine technology owned by Baylor College of Medicine (BCM) that was licensed by BCM, non-exclusively and with no patent restrictions, to several companies committed to advancing vaccines for low-income and middle-income countries. The co-inventors have no involvement in license negotiations conducted by BCM. Similar to other research universities, a long-standing BCM policy provides its faculty and staff, who make discoveries that result in a commercial license, a share of any royalty income. To date, BCM has not distributed any royalty income to the co-inventors of the COVID-19 recombinant protein vaccine technology. Any such distribution will be undertaken in accordance with BCM policy. CBu declares grants from the Health Research Council of New Zealand, the New Zealand Ministry of Health, and the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade; consulting fees from Johnson & Johnson Japan; payment from University of Malaya; and is the president of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco—Oceania. GCB is co-chair of the UHC2030 International Alliance. AH declares grants and consulting fees from the Wellcome Trust and the Oak Foundation. NJ declares support from the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network and consulting fees from the University of California, San Francisco Department of Humanities and Social Sciences and the Foundation for Global Governance and Sustainability. ET declares consulting fees from the United Nations Development Programme. VV-F and IS are co-chairs of the Nizami Ganjavi International Centre. MAP declares grants from the Rockefeller Foundation to his institution and is a member of the Board of Directors for Management Sciences for Health, and non-executive Governing Board member of Sidra Medicine. JT declares funds from the Victorian Government to BehaviourWorks Australia for surveys and research on COVID-19 related behaviours, from Monash University and from Melbourne Water. AG was a member of the Open Society Global Drug Policy Program until February, 2022. MH declares funds from the Victorian Government, the New South Wales Government, the Australian Government, and the Macquarie Foundation to the Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia for research and modelling work related to COVID-19, and grants from AbbVie and Gilead Sciences that are unrelated to this work. JVL declares grants from AbbVie, Gilead Sciences, MSD, and Roche Diagnostics, and consulting fees from NovVax, all unrelated to this work. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest. This report does not represent the institutions nor the organisations for which the authors work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Synergies between prosociality and governance at each level of society
Figure 2
Figure 2
Estimated and reported cumulative deaths from COVID-19, globally and by WHO region, as of May 31, 2022 Estimated and reported cumulative number of deaths (A) and cumulative number of deaths per million population (B), globally and by WHO region, as of May 31, 2022. All data are from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), accessed May 31, 2022. Note that the IHME reference scenario provides a range of cumulative and daily estimated infections and cumulative and daily estimated deaths, and we refer to the mean estimate in all figures. Reported cumulative and daily deaths from May 2 to May 31, 2022, were modelled on the basis of past data.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Estimated number of infections per 100 000 population by WHO region, Feb 4, 2020–May 31, 2022 Data from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, accessed May 31, 2022.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Estimated daily infections and estimated cumulative infections in the Western Pacific region, Feb 4, 2020–May 31, 2022 Data from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, accessed May 31, 2022.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Estimated daily infections and estimated daily deaths in the Western Pacific region during the omicron (B.1.1.529) wave, Jan 1–May 31, 2022 Data from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, accessed May 31, 2022.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Estimated daily infections and estimated daily deaths in Australia, China, Hong Kong SAR, New Zealand, and Singapore during the omicron (B.1.1.529) wave, Jan 1–May 31, 2022 Data from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, accessed May 31, 2022.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Estimated cumulative infections and estimated cumulative deaths in the United States, Feb 4, 2020–May 31, 2022 Data from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, accessed May 31, 2022.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Estimated cumulative infections and estimated daily infections in the region of the Americas, Feb 4, 2020–May 31, 2022 Data from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, accessed May 31, 2022.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Estimated cumulative infections and estimated daily infections in the European region, Feb 4, 2020–May 31, 2022 Data from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, accessed May 31, 2022.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Estimated cumulative infections and estimated daily infections in the African region, Feb 4, 2020–May 31, 2022 Data from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, accessed May 31, 2022.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Estimated cumulative infections and estimated daily infections in the South-East Asia region, Feb 4, 2020–May 31, 2022 Data from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, accessed May 31, 2022.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Estimated daily infections and estimated cumulative deaths in India during the delta (B.1.617.2) wave, April–June, 2021 Data from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, accessed Feb 19, 2022.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Estimated cumulative infections and estimated daily infections in the Eastern Mediterranean region, Feb 4, 2020–May 31, 2022 Data from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, accessed May 31, 2022.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Proportion of the surveyed population who wear face masks in public places by WHO region, March 15, 2020–Dec 15, 2021 Data from YouGov.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Countries in which coronavirus-related protests were held, March, 2020–November, 2021 Countries in which protests were held, coloured by WHO region. Protests were most heavily concentrated in the European region (dark grey; 22 protests) and the region of the Americas (dark blue; 16 protests), with only a few protests in the Western Pacific region (light blue; four protests), the South-East Asia region (yellow; two protests), the Eastern Mediterranean region (orange; five protests), and the African region (purple; one protest). For countries in light grey, no protests were recorded. Data from the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Figure 16
Figure 16
Duration of school closures worldwide between March, 2020 and October, 2021 School closure is defined as the government-mandated closures of educational institutions affecting most or all (≥80%) of the student population enrolled from pre-primary to upper-secondary levels. Reproduced from Agarwal R, by permission of the International Monetary Fund.
Figure 17
Figure 17
Percentage of the world's population that is fully vaccinated as of Jan 6, 2022 Reproduced, with permission, from the International Monetary Fund.
Figure 18
Figure 18
Change in employment-to-population ratio in G20 countries Mean percentage point change in employment-to-population ratio between latest data (Q3 2021; except Argentina, Q2 2021) and Q3 2019. Prime: age 25–54 years; youth: age 15–24 years. For all other categories, ages 15–64 years are considered. Basic: primary and lower-secondary education; intermediate: upper-secondary and post-secondary, non-tertiary education; advanced: above post-secondary, non-tertiary education. Data are aggregates for G20 advanced economies (Canada, France, Italy, Republic of Korea, Spain, and United States) and emerging market economies (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and South Africa). Reproduced, with permission, from the International Monetary Fund.
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References

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