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. 2022 Sep 6;8(9):e10529.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10529. eCollection 2022 Sep.

Effects of yttrium doping on structural, electrical and optical properties of barium titanate ceramics

Suravi Islam  1 , Nazia Khatun  1 , Md Shehan Habib  1 , Syed Farid Uddin Farhad  1 , Nazmul Islam Tanvir  1 , Md Aftab Ali Shaikh  2   3 , Samia Tabassum  3 , Dipa Islam  3 , Md Sajjad Hossain  3 , Ayesha Siddika  3
Affiliations

Effects of yttrium doping on structural, electrical and optical properties of barium titanate ceramics

Suravi Islam et al. Heliyon. .

Abstract

In this report, we study the Yttrium-doped Barium Titanate (Y-BT) Ba1 - xYxTiO3 (with x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07 mmol) perovskite ceramics synthesized by sol-gel method. The as-made powder samples were pressed into a pellet shape and subsequently sintered at 1300 °C for 5 h in air. The structural, morphological, electrical, and optical properties of the synthesized samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), impedance analyzer, and UV-Vis-NIR Spectroscopy respectively. The XRD study revealed the formations of single phase tetragonal structure of Barium Titanate (BT) with ∼23-33 nm mean crystallite size. The crystallite size increases initially with Y-doping, found at about 33 nm for x = 0.01, and reduces for increase in Y3+ concentration further. The microstructural study from FESEM depicts the uniform distribution of compact and well-faceted grain growth for Y-BT in contrast with undoped barium titanate. The average grain size (∼0.29-0.78 μm) of the Y-BT decreases with increasing doping concentration. Frequency-dependent impedance analyses show enhanced dielectric properties like dielectric constant, quality factor, and conductivity with low dielectric loss in the presence of Yttrium. The optical bandgap energy (∼2.63-3.72 eV) estimated from UV-Vis-NIR diffuse reflection data shows an increasing trend with a higher concentration of yttrium doping.

Keywords: Barium titanate; Dielectric properties; Optical properties; Scanning electron microscopy; X-ray diffraction.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
1(a) X-ray diffraction pattern, 1(b) The peaks associated with the 002, 200 planes at around 45° and 1(c) Williamson and Hall (W–H) analysis of Ba1-xYxTiO3 (x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.07 mmol) Sintered at 1300 °C.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Raman spectra of pure and Yttrium doped barium titanate.
Figure 3
Figure 3
FESEM micrographs with grain size distribution curve of Ba1 − xYxTiO3 (where a, b, c, d, e are x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.07 respectively and c' is magnified view of c).
Figure 4
Figure 4
4(a) Variation of dielectric constant with frequency 4(b)Variation of dielectric loss (tanδ) with frequency for yttrium doped barium Titanate.
Figure 5
Figure 5
5(a) Plot of Resistivity vs. frequency and 5(b) AC conductivity vs. frequency.
Figure 6
Figure 6
6(a) Plot of the temperature dependence of the dielectric constant and 6(b) Loss tangent vs. temperature for Y-BT at 10 kHz frequency.
Figure 7
Figure 7
7(a) UV–Vis absorption spectra 7(b) Bandgap estimation from Tauc plot of Y-BT samples.
Image 1
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