A review post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 serological test: Method and antibody titer response

Abstract

The development of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine is one of the most important efforts in controlling the pandemic. Serological tests are used to identify highly reactive human donors for convalescent plasma therapy, measuring vaccine efficacy and durability. This review article presents a review of serology tests and how antibody titers in response to vaccines have been developed. Some of the serological test methods discussed are Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PRNT), Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA), and Chemiluminescent Micro-particle Immunoassay (CMIA). This review can provide an understanding of the application of the body's immune response to vaccines to get some new strategies for vaccines.

Keywords: COVID-19; Immune titer; Serologist method; Vaccine.

Graphical abstract

Fig. 1

How the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) works. Reprinted from Ref. [5] with Elsevier's free permission.

Fig. 2

Lateral Flow ImmunoAssay a) schematic of the test mechanism b) results and interpretation. Reprinted from Refs. [26,28] with Creative Commons license.

Fig. 3

Types of ELISA testing protocol.

Fig. 4

ELISA assay with competitive binding principle between NAb and ACE2. Reprinted from Ref. [5] with Elsevier's free permission.

Fig. 5

ELISA test with reverse competitive binding principle. Reprinted from Ref. [9] with Creative Commons license.

Fig. 6

Principles of direct and indirect IFA testing. Reprinted from Ref. [37] with CC-BY-NC license.

Fig. 7

The production and analysis steps of antigen microarrays include array printing, staining, measurement, and data analysis. Reprinted from Ref. [39] with CC-BY license.

Fig. 8

Schematic of the biosensor. Various types of bioreceptors and transducers can be used in biosensors. Reprinted from Ref. [46] with CC-BY license.

Fig. 9

Schematic of electrochemical immunosensor on SPCE for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibody. Reprinted from Ref. [16] with Elsevier's free permission.

Fig. 10

Schematic of rapid one-step quantification of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody on a nanoparticle-coupled biosensor platform. Reprinted from Ref. [15] with Elsevier's free permission.

Fig. 11

Boxplot of postvaccination single postvaccination IgG anti-S SARS-CoV-2 antibody response. HCW (health care workers) = health workers. Group 1: HCW negative for IgG SARS-CoV-2. Group 2 = asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 IgG positive HCW. Group 3 = HCW positive for IgG SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic. Reprinted from Ref. [10] with CC-BY–NC–ND 4.0 International license.

Fig. 12

Response after natural infection and after vaccination with Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine a) IgG anti-RBD S b) NAb SARS-CoV-2. Reprinted from Ref. [53] with CC-BY license.

Fig. 13

Anti-RBD S IgG antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in individuals with and without previous infection. Reprinted from Ref. [52] with Creative Commons 4.0 International license.