The Trend of Organic Based Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Diabetes and Its Perspectives

Abstract

Diabetes is an untreatable metabolic disorder characterized by alteration in blood sugar homeostasis, with submucosal insulin therapy being the primary treatment option. This route of drug administration is attributed to low patient comfort due to the risk of pain, distress, and local inflammation/infections. Nanoparticles have indeed been suggested as insulin carriers to allow the drug to be administered via less invasive routes other than injection, such as orally or nasally. The organic-based nanoparticles can be derived from various organic materials (for instance, polysaccharides, lipids, and so on) and thus are prevalently used to enhance the physical and chemical consistency of loaded bioactive compounds (drug) and thus their bioavailability. This review presents various forms of organic nanoparticles (for example, chitosan, dextron, gums, nanoemulsion, alginate, and so on) for enhanced hypoglycemic drug delivery relative to traditional therapies.

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Drug delivery systems; Nanoemulsions; Organic nanoparticles; Treatment.

Fig. 1

Nanoparticles based anti-diabetic drug delivery system. The nanoparticles move through the membrane largely by endocytosis, direct diffusion, phagocytosis, adhesion contacts, and micropinocytosis. They interact with the plasma membrane as well as outer membrane proteins.

Fig. 2

Various form of organic nanoparticles for diabetic treatment. Natural organic polymers key benefits over inorganic alternatives are their non-toxicity and biocompatibility. Anti-diabetic medications have been successfully delivered using naturally occurring polymers such alginate, dextran, chitosan, gum arabica, gum rosin, sodium, and gum rosin.

Fig. 3

Pictorial representation of nanoparticles used to deliver the anti-diabetic drugs to treat the diabetes. Chitosan’s high positive charge makes it ideal for delivering anti-diabetic drugs because it increases cell absorption and promotes adhesion to surfaces with opposing charges on membranes.

Fig. 4

Structure of anti-diabetic bioactive compounds used with nanoparticles based drug delivery process. The unique attributes of nanoparticles are a result of their nanoporous, sponge-like structure, which is beneficial for encapsulating sophisticated hydrophilic and lipophilic bioactive chemicals.