Vitamin D Supplementation in the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Children

Abstract

Background: Childhood obesity is associated with cardiovascular-disease (CVD) risk factors, an unfavorable lipid profile and reduced levels of 25(OH)D. The aim of our study is to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation may play a role in the assessment of the CVD risk factors in overweight/obese children and adolescents. Methods: We performed a retrospective observational study involving children (9−15 years of age) with a known diagnosis of overweight or obesity (BMI > 25) and decreased levels of 25(OH)D (<25 ng/mL), who underwent oral vitamin D supplementation (100,000 UI, one vial/month) for six months. The anthropometric parameters, 25(OH)D, serum lipids and ALT levels were measured at the beginning (T0) and after 6 months (T1). Results: Of the 58 patients recruited, 45 had an increase in the serum 25(OH)D levels after supplementation. Vitamin D supplementation was associated with a decrease in the serum levels of the total cholesterol (p = 0.009), LDL-C (p = 0.005) and ALT (p = 0.005), and an increase in HDL-C (p = 0.03). These results were confirmed when the correction for the body mass index (BMI) was applied. Conclusions: The favorable effect of vitamin D supplementation on the total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C and ALT could transform these values into modifiable risk factors starting in early childhood, with beneficial effects on long-term health.

Keywords: 25(OH)D; ALT; HDL-C; LDL-C; cardiovascular risk factors; childhood obesity; total cholesterol; vitamin D supplementation.

Figure 1

Linear-regression vitamin D-specific laboratory parameters before and after vitamin D supplementation: (A) total cholesterol; (B) HDL-C; (C) LDL-C; (D) ALT.

Figure 2

Vitamin D-specific laboratory-parameter multivariate linear regression (corrected for BMI) before and after vitamin D supplementation: (A) total cholesterol; (B) HDL-C; (C) ALT.