Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 Sep 22;17(9):e0274995.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274995. eCollection 2022.

Geographically weighted regression analysis of anemia and its associated factors among reproductive age women in Ethiopia using 2016 demographic and health survey

Daniel Gashaneh Belay  1   2 , Shumet Mebrat Adane  3 , Oshe Lemita Ferede  2 , Ayenew Molla Lakew  2
Affiliations

Geographically weighted regression analysis of anemia and its associated factors among reproductive age women in Ethiopia using 2016 demographic and health survey

Daniel Gashaneh Belay et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Introduction: Anemia in reproductive age women is defined as the hemoglobin level <11g/dl for lactating or pregnant mothers and hemoglobin level <12 g/dl for none pregnant or non-lactating women. Anemia is a global public health problem affecting both developing and developed countries. Therefore this study aims to determine geographically weighted regression analysis of anemia and its associated factors among reproductive age women in Ethiopia using the 2016 Demographic and Health Survey.

Method: In this study, a total of 14,570 women of reproductive age were included. Multi-level binary logistic regression models were employed using STATA version 14. Odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval and p-values less than 0.05 was used to identify significant factors. Spatial scan statistics were used to identify the presence of anemia clusters using Kulldorf's SaTScan version 9.6 software. ArcGIS 10.7 software was used to visualize the spatial distribution and geographically weighted regression of anemia among reproductive age women.

Result: Overall 23.8% of reproductive-age women were anemic. The SaTScan spatial analysis identified the primary clusters' spatial window in Southeastern Oromia and the entire Somali region. The GWR analysis shows that having a formal education, using pills/injectables/implant decreases the risks of anemia. However, women who have more than one child within five years have an increased risk of anemia in Ethiopia. In addition to these, in multilevel analysis women who were married and women who have >5 family members were more likely to have anemia.

Conclusion: In Ethiopia, anemia among reproductive age women was relatively high and had spatial variations across the regions. Policymakers should give attention to mothers who have a low birth interval, married women, and large family size. Women's education and family planning usage especially pills, implants, or injectable should be strengthened.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Sampling procedure and sampling technique geographically weighted regression analysis of anemia and its associated factors among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia using 2016 EDHS.
Fig 2
Fig 2. The line graph on the trend of anemia in reproductive age women from 2005–2016.
Fig 3
Fig 3. Pie chart which shows the prevalence of anemia in reproductive-age women, EDHS 2016.
Fig 4
Fig 4. Spatial distribution of anemia among reproductive age women in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016.
Fig 5
Fig 5. Spatial autocorrelation of anemia among reproductive age women in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016.
Fig 6
Fig 6. The incremental autocorrelation of anemia among reproductive age women in Ethiopia by a function of distance using Ethiopian demographic and health surveys 2016.
Fig 7
Fig 7. Hot and cold spot area of anemia among reproductive age women in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016.
Fig 8
Fig 8. Sat scan analysis of significant clusters of anemia among reproductive age women in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016.
Fig 9
Fig 9. Kriging interpolation of anemia among reproductive age women in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016.
Fig 10
Fig 10. Local R2 of GWR analysis anemia among reproductive age women in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016.
Fig 11
Fig 11. Coefficients for women who have formal education with anemia among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016.
Fig 12
Fig 12. Coefficients for women who use pills, injectable contraceptives, and implants with anemia among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016.
Fig 13
Fig 13. Coefficients for women who have more than 1 child within five years with anemia among reproductive age women in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Organization, W.H., Worldwide prevalence of anemia 1993–2005: WHO global database on anemia. 2008.
    1. Sunuwar D.R., et al.., Prevalence and factors associated with anemia among women of reproductive age in seven South and Southeast Asian countries: Evidence from nationally representative surveys. PloS one, 2020. 15(8): p. e0236449. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236449 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gebremedhin S. and Enquselassie F., Correlates of anemia among women of reproductive age in Ethiopia: evidence from Ethiopian DHS 2005. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 2011. 25(1): p. 22–30.
    1. Organization, W.H., Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anemia and assessment of severity. 2011, World Health Organization.
    1. De Benoist, B., et al., Worldwide prevalence of anemia 1993–2005; WHO Global Database of anemia. 2008.