Formation and evolution of carbonaceous asteroid Ryugu: Direct evidence from returned samples

T Nakamura¹, M Matsumoto¹, K Amano¹, Y Enokido¹, M E Zolensky², T Mikouchi³, H Genda⁴, S Tanaka^{5

6}, M Y Zolotov⁷, K Kurosawa⁸, S Wakita⁹, R Hyodo⁵, H Nagano¹⁰, D Nakashima¹, Y Takahashi^{11

12}, Y Fujioka¹, M Kikuiri¹, E Kagawa¹, M Matsuoka^{13

14}, A J Brearley¹⁵, A Tsuchiyama^{16

17

18}, M Uesugi¹⁹, J Matsuno¹⁶, Y Kimura²⁰, M Sato¹¹, R E Milliken²¹, E Tatsumi^{11

22}, S Sugita^{8

11}, T Hiroi²¹, K Kitazato²³, D Brownlee²⁴, D J Joswiak²⁴, M Takahashi¹, K Ninomiya²⁵, T Takahashi^{26

27}, T Osawa²⁸, K Terada²⁹, F E Brenker³⁰, B J Tkalcec³⁰, L Vincze³¹, R Brunetto³², A Aléon-Toppani³², Q H S Chan³³, M Roskosz³⁴, J-C Viennet³⁴, P Beck³⁵, E E Alp³⁶, T Michikami³⁷, Y Nagaashi^{1

38}, T Tsuji^{39

40}, Y Ino^{5

41}, J Martinez², J Han⁴², A Dolocan⁴³, R J Bodnar⁴⁴, M Tanaka⁴⁵, H Yoshida¹¹, K Sugiyama⁴⁶, A J King⁴⁷, K Fukushi⁴⁸, H Suga⁴⁹, S Yamashita^{50

51}, T Kawai¹¹, K Inoue⁴⁸, A Nakato⁵, T Noguchi^{52

53}, F Vilas⁵⁴, A R Hendrix⁵⁴, C Jaramillo-Correa⁵⁵, D L Domingue⁵⁴, G Dominguez⁵⁶, Z Gainsforth⁵⁷, C Engrand⁵⁸, J Duprat³⁴, S S Russell⁴⁷, E Bonato⁵⁹, C Ma⁶⁰, T Kawamoto⁶¹, T Wada¹, S Watanabe^{5

26}, R Endo⁶², S Enju⁶³, L Riu⁶⁴, S Rubino³², P Tack³¹, S Takeshita⁶⁵, Y Takeichi^{50

51

66}, A Takeuchi¹⁹, A Takigawa¹¹, D Takir², T Tanigaki⁶⁷, A Taniguchi⁶⁸, K Tsukamoto¹, T Yagi⁶⁹, S Yamada⁷⁰, K Yamamoto⁷¹, Y Yamashita⁶⁹, M Yasutake¹⁹, K Uesugi¹⁹, I Umegaki^{65

72}, I Chiu²⁵, T Ishizaki⁵, S Okumura⁵², E Palomba⁷³, C Pilorget^{32

74}, S M Potin^{13

75}, A Alasli¹⁰, S Anada⁷¹, Y Araki⁷⁶, N Sakatani^{5

70}, C Schultz²¹, O Sekizawa⁴⁹, S D Sitzman⁷⁷, K Sugiura⁴, M Sun^{17

18

78}, E Dartois⁷⁹, E De Pauw³¹, Z Dionnet³², Z Djouadi³², G Falkenberg⁸⁰, R Fujita¹⁰, T Fukuma⁸¹, I R Gearba⁴³, K Hagiya⁸², M Y Hu³⁶, T Kato⁷¹, T Kawamura⁸³, M Kimura^{50

51}, M K Kubo⁸⁴, F Langenhorst⁸⁵, C Lantz³², B Lavina⁸⁶, M Lindner³⁰, J Zhao³⁶, B Vekemans³¹, D Baklouti³², B Bazi³¹, F Borondics⁸⁷, S Nagasawa^{26

27}, G Nishiyama¹¹, K Nitta⁴⁹, J Mathurin⁸⁸, T Matsumoto⁵², I Mitsukawa⁵², H Miura⁸⁹, A Miyake⁵², Y Miyake⁶⁵, H Yurimoto⁹⁰, R Okazaki⁹¹, H Yabuta⁹², H Naraoka⁹¹, K Sakamoto⁵, S Tachibana^{5

11}, H C Connolly Jr⁹³, D S Lauretta⁹⁴, M Yoshitake⁵, M Yoshikawa^{5

6}, K Yoshikawa⁹⁵, K Yoshihara⁵, Y Yokota⁵, K Yogata⁵, H Yano^{5

6}, Y Yamamoto^{5

6}, D Yamamoto⁵, M Yamada⁸, T Yamada⁵, T Yada⁵, K Wada⁸, T Usui^{5

11}, R Tsukizaki⁵, F Terui⁹⁶, H Takeuchi^{5

6}, Y Takei⁵, A Iwamae⁹⁷, H Soejima^{5

97}, K Shirai⁵, Y Shimaki⁵, H Senshu⁸, H Sawada⁵, T Saiki⁵, M Ozaki^{5

6}, G Ono⁹⁵, T Okada^{5

98}, N Ogawa⁵, K Ogawa⁵, R Noguchi⁹⁹, H Noda¹⁰⁰, M Nishimura⁵, N Namiki^{6

100}, S Nakazawa⁵, T Morota¹¹, A Miyazaki⁵, A Miura⁵, Y Mimasu⁵, K Matsumoto^{6

100}, K Kumagai^{5

97}, T Kouyama¹⁰¹, S Kikuchi^{8

100}, K Kawahara⁵, S Kameda^{5

70}, T Iwata^{5

6}, Y Ishihara¹⁰², M Ishiguro¹⁰³, H Ikeda⁹⁵, S Hosoda⁵, R Honda^{104

105}, C Honda²³, Y Hitomi^{5

97}, N Hirata³⁸, N Hirata²³, T Hayashi⁵, M Hayakawa⁵, K Hatakeda^{5

97}, S Furuya¹¹, R Fukai⁵, A Fujii⁵, Y Cho¹¹, M Arakawa³⁸, M Abe^{5

6}, S Watanabe¹⁰⁶, Y Tsuda⁵

Affiliations

¹ Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
² NASA Johnson Space Center; Houston, TX 77058, USA.
³ The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
⁴ Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
⁵ Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
⁶ Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama 240-0193, Japan.
⁷ School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
⁸ Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino 275-0016, Japan.
⁹ Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
¹¹ Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
¹² Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
¹³ Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), Observatoire de Paris, Meudon 92195 France.
¹⁴ Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8567, Japan.
¹⁵ Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
¹⁶ Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan.
¹⁷ Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou 510640, China.
¹⁸ Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, CAS, Guangzhou 510640, China.
¹⁹ Scattering and Imaging Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo 679-5198, Japan.
²⁰ Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan.
²¹ Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
²² Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, University of La Laguna, Tenerife 38205, Spain.
²³ Aizu Research Center for Space Informatics, The University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu 965-8580, Japan.
²⁴ Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
²⁵ Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan.
²⁶ Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8583, Japan.
²⁷ Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
²⁸ Materials Sciences Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai 319-1195, Japan.
²⁹ Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan.
³⁰ Institute of Geoscience, Goethe University, Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
³¹ Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S12, Ghent, Belgium.
³² Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France.
³³ Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK.
³⁴ Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
³⁵ Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France.
³⁶ Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
³⁷ Faculty of Engineering, Kindai University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-2116, Japan.
³⁸ Department of Planetology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
³⁹ Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
⁴⁰ School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
⁴¹ Department of Physics, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda 669-1330, Japan.
⁴² Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
⁴³ Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
⁴⁴ Department of Geoscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
⁴⁵ Materials Analysis Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan.
⁴⁶ Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
⁴⁷ Department of Earth Science, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK.
⁴⁸ Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
⁴⁹ Spectroscopy Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo 679-5198, Japan.
⁵⁰ Department of Materials Structure Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan.
⁵¹ Institute of Materials Structure Science, High-Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan.
⁵² Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
⁵³ Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
⁵⁴ Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
⁵⁵ The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
⁵⁶ Department of Physics, California State University, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA.
⁵⁷ Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
⁵⁸ Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France.
⁵⁹ Institute for Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt, Rutherfordstraße 2 12489 Berlin, Germany.
⁶⁰ Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125, USA.
⁶¹ Department of Geosciences, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
⁶² Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
⁶³ Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
⁶⁴ European Space Astronomy Centre, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain.
⁶⁵ High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tokai 319-1106, Japan.
⁶⁶ Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan.
⁶⁷ Hitachi, Hatoyama 350-0395, Japan.
⁶⁸ Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Kumatori 590-0494, Japan.
⁶⁹ National Metrology Institute of Japan, AIST, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan.
⁷⁰ Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan.
⁷¹ Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya 456-8587, Japan.
⁷² Toyota Central Research and Development Laboratories, Nagakute 480-1192, Japan.
⁷³ Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Rome 00133, Italy.
⁷⁴ Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
⁷⁵ Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.
⁷⁶ Department of Physical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-0058, Japan.
⁷⁷ Physical Sciences Laboratory, The Aerospace Corporation, CA 90245, USA.
⁷⁸ University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
⁷⁹ Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France.
⁸⁰ Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Photon Science, 22603 Hamburg, Germany.
⁸¹ Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
⁸² Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
⁸³ Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris 75205, France.
⁸⁴ Division of Natural Sciences, International Christian University, Mitaka 181-8585, Japan.
⁸⁵ Institute of Geosciences, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany.
⁸⁶ Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
⁸⁷ Optimized Light Source of Intermediate Energy to LURE (SOLEIL) L'Orme des Merisiers, Gif sur Yvette F-91192, France.
⁸⁸ Institut Chimie Physique, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France.
⁸⁹ Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8501, Japan.
⁹⁰ Department of Natural History Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
⁹¹ Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
⁹² Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
⁹³ Department of Geology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
⁹⁴ Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
⁹⁵ Research and Development Directorate, JAXA, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
⁹⁶ Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Atsugi 243-0292, Japan.
⁹⁷ Marine Works Japan, Yokosuka 237-0063, Japan.
⁹⁸ Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
⁹⁹ Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan.
¹⁰⁰ National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka 181-8588, Japan.
¹⁰¹ Digital Architecture Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan.
¹⁰² JAXA Space Exploration Center, JAXA, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
¹⁰³ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Information Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan.
¹⁰⁵ Center for Data Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.

PMID: 36137011
DOI: 10.1126/science.abn8671

Formation and evolution of carbonaceous asteroid Ryugu: Direct evidence from returned samples

T Nakamura et al. Science. 2023.

. 2023 Feb 24;379(6634):eabn8671.

doi: 10.1126/science.abn8671. Epub 2023 Feb 24.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
² NASA Johnson Space Center; Houston, TX 77058, USA.
³ The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
⁴ Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
⁵ Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
⁶ Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama 240-0193, Japan.
⁷ School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
⁸ Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino 275-0016, Japan.
⁹ Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
¹¹ Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
¹² Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
¹³ Laboratoire d'Etudes Spatiales et d'Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), Observatoire de Paris, Meudon 92195 France.
¹⁴ Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8567, Japan.
¹⁵ Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
¹⁶ Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan.
¹⁷ Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou 510640, China.
¹⁸ Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, CAS, Guangzhou 510640, China.
¹⁹ Scattering and Imaging Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo 679-5198, Japan.
²⁰ Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan.
²¹ Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
²² Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, University of La Laguna, Tenerife 38205, Spain.
²³ Aizu Research Center for Space Informatics, The University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu 965-8580, Japan.
²⁴ Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
²⁵ Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan.
²⁶ Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8583, Japan.
²⁷ Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
²⁸ Materials Sciences Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai 319-1195, Japan.
²⁹ Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan.
³⁰ Institute of Geoscience, Goethe University, Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
³¹ Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S12, Ghent, Belgium.
³² Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France.
³³ Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK.
³⁴ Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
³⁵ Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France.
³⁶ Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
³⁷ Faculty of Engineering, Kindai University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-2116, Japan.
³⁸ Department of Planetology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
³⁹ Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
⁴⁰ School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
⁴¹ Department of Physics, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda 669-1330, Japan.
⁴² Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
⁴³ Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
⁴⁴ Department of Geoscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
⁴⁵ Materials Analysis Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan.
⁴⁶ Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
⁴⁷ Department of Earth Science, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK.
⁴⁸ Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
⁴⁹ Spectroscopy Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo 679-5198, Japan.
⁵⁰ Department of Materials Structure Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan.
⁵¹ Institute of Materials Structure Science, High-Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-0801, Japan.
⁵² Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
⁵³ Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
⁵⁴ Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
⁵⁵ The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
⁵⁶ Department of Physics, California State University, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA.
⁵⁷ Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
⁵⁸ Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France.
⁵⁹ Institute for Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt, Rutherfordstraße 2 12489 Berlin, Germany.
⁶⁰ Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125, USA.
⁶¹ Department of Geosciences, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
⁶² Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
⁶³ Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
⁶⁴ European Space Astronomy Centre, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain.
⁶⁵ High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tokai 319-1106, Japan.
⁶⁶ Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan.
⁶⁷ Hitachi, Hatoyama 350-0395, Japan.
⁶⁸ Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Kumatori 590-0494, Japan.
⁶⁹ National Metrology Institute of Japan, AIST, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan.
⁷⁰ Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan.
⁷¹ Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya 456-8587, Japan.
⁷² Toyota Central Research and Development Laboratories, Nagakute 480-1192, Japan.
⁷³ Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Rome 00133, Italy.
⁷⁴ Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
⁷⁵ Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.
⁷⁶ Department of Physical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-0058, Japan.
⁷⁷ Physical Sciences Laboratory, The Aerospace Corporation, CA 90245, USA.
⁷⁸ University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
⁷⁹ Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France.
⁸⁰ Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Photon Science, 22603 Hamburg, Germany.
⁸¹ Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
⁸² Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
⁸³ Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris 75205, France.
⁸⁴ Division of Natural Sciences, International Christian University, Mitaka 181-8585, Japan.
⁸⁵ Institute of Geosciences, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany.
⁸⁶ Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
⁸⁷ Optimized Light Source of Intermediate Energy to LURE (SOLEIL) L'Orme des Merisiers, Gif sur Yvette F-91192, France.
⁸⁸ Institut Chimie Physique, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France.
⁸⁹ Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8501, Japan.
⁹⁰ Department of Natural History Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
⁹¹ Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
⁹² Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
⁹³ Department of Geology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
⁹⁴ Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
⁹⁵ Research and Development Directorate, JAXA, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
⁹⁶ Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Atsugi 243-0292, Japan.
⁹⁷ Marine Works Japan, Yokosuka 237-0063, Japan.
⁹⁸ Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
⁹⁹ Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan.
¹⁰⁰ National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka 181-8588, Japan.
¹⁰¹ Digital Architecture Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan.
¹⁰² JAXA Space Exploration Center, JAXA, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
¹⁰³ Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
¹⁰⁴ Department of Information Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan.
¹⁰⁵ Center for Data Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
¹⁰⁶ Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.

PMID: 36137011
DOI: 10.1126/science.abn8671

Abstract

Samples of the carbonaceous asteroid Ryugu were brought to Earth by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft. We analyzed 17 Ryugu samples measuring 1 to 8 millimeters. Carbon dioxide-bearing water inclusions are present within a pyrrhotite crystal, indicating that Ryugu's parent asteroid formed in the outer Solar System. The samples contain low abundances of materials that formed at high temperatures, such as chondrules and calcium- and aluminum-rich inclusions. The samples are rich in phyllosilicates and carbonates, which formed through aqueous alteration reactions at low temperature, high pH, and water/rock ratios of <1 (by mass). Less altered fragments contain olivine, pyroxene, amorphous silicates, calcite, and phosphide. Numerical simulations, based on the mineralogical and physical properties of the samples, indicate that Ryugu's parent body formed ~2 million years after the beginning of Solar System formation.

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Formation and evolution of carbonaceous asteroid Ryugu: Direct evidence from returned samples

Affiliations

Formation and evolution of carbonaceous asteroid Ryugu: Direct evidence from returned samples

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources