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. 2022 Aug 31;11(9):1729.
doi: 10.3390/antiox11091729.

Development of Pectin and Poly(vinyl alcohol)-Based Active Packaging Enriched with Itaconic Acid and Apple Pomace-Derived Antioxidants

Bernadette-Emőke Teleky  1 , Laura Mitrea  2 , Diana Plamada  1   2 , Silvia Amalia Nemes  1   2 , Lavinia-Florina Călinoiu  2 , Mihaela Stefana Pascuta  1   2 , Rodica-Anita Varvara  1 , Katalin Szabo  2 , Patricia Vajda  2 , Cristian Szekely  2 , Gheorghe-Adrian Martău  1   2 , Simon Elemer  1   2 , Floricuța Ranga  2 , Dan-Cristian Vodnar  1   2
Affiliations

Development of Pectin and Poly(vinyl alcohol)-Based Active Packaging Enriched with Itaconic Acid and Apple Pomace-Derived Antioxidants

Bernadette-Emőke Teleky et al. Antioxidants (Basel). .

Abstract

The production of active and biodegradable packaging materials is an emerging and efficient alternative to plastic packaging materials. By combining poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), pectin, and itaconic acid (IA), biodegradable and water-soluble packaging materials can be obtained that can also increase the shelf-life and quality of foodstuff. In the present study, the generated film-forming solutions were enriched with organic or phenolic extracts from apple by-products (apple pomace). These extracts possess an efficient antioxidant activity of 9.70 ± 0.08, and 78.61 ± 0.24 μM Trolox/100 g fresh weight, respectively. Furthermore, the lyophilization of these by-products increased the extract's organic and phenolic content and the antioxidant activity to 67.45 ± 0.28 and 166.69 ± 0.47 μM Trolox/100 g fresh weight, respectively. These extracts influence the physical-chemical properties of the biofilm solutions by facilitating the polymerization process and thus positively influencing their viscosity. The resulting biofilms presented low water vapor permeability and reduced solubility in water. Adding IA and organic/phenolic compounds facilitates the resistance against intrinsic and extrinsic factors; therefore, they might be applicable in the food industry.

Keywords: antioxidant activity; apple pomace; biopolymer; itaconic acid; lyophilization; organic and phenolic extract; viscosity; water solubility; water vapor permeability.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Shear viscosity and shear rate of pectin and itaconic acid-based biofilms at 20, 30, and 40 °C temperature. The reported mean values with standard deviation (±) are displayed for (a) pectin + glycerol; (b) pectin + glycerol+ itaconic acid; (c) pectin + glycerol+ itaconic acid + phenolic extract; (d) pectin + glycerol + itaconic acid + organic extract.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Shear viscosity and shear rate of PVA and itaconic acid-based biofilms at 20, 30, and 40 °C temperature. The reported mean values with standard deviation (±) are displayed for (a) PVA + glycerol; (b) PVA + glycerol+ itaconic acid; (c) PVA + glycerol+ itaconic acid + phenolic extract; (d) PVA + glycerol + itaconic acid + organic extract.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The physical aspect of the solid films with (a) pectin, and (b) PVA based on itaconic acid and extract integration.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of films. Mean ± SD (n = 2). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, NS p > 0.05 express significant differences in comparison to PVA+Gly and PEC+Gly, respectively. PVA-PolyVinyl Alcohol, IA-Itaconic Acid, Gly—glycerol, OE—organic Extract, PE—Phenolic Extract.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The results obtained for water solubility of the PVA and pectin-based biofilms, enriched with IA, organic extract and phenolic extract. PVA-PolyVinyl Alcohol, IA-Itaconic Acid, Gly—glycerol, OE—organic Extract, PE—Phenolic Extract. The results are expressed as mean values (±SD).
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