Roma Religion: 1775 and 2018 Compared over Time

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to compare the religiosity of the Roma in the 18th century with the present. In 1775 and 1776, Samuel Augustini ab Hortis detailed the way of life of the Roma community in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in his work "Von dem Heutigen Zustände, Sonderbaren Sitten und Lebensart, Wie Auch von Denen Übrigen Eigenschaften und Umständen der Zigeuner in Ungarn" (On the Contemporary Situation, Distinctive Manners and Way of Life, as Well as the Other Characteristics and Circumstances of Gypsies in Greater Hungary). A detailed content analysis of the part of his work dealing with religion was performed. Subsequently, in 2018, field research was conducted in the environment in which Samuel Augustini lived and worked. It involved six key informants, each representing a different municipality. Data collection was carried out over two periods: in the summer months of 2012-2013 and the winter period of 2018-2019. After the interviews with the key informants, more than 70 participants were included in semi-structured interviews through snowball sampling, and another 40 participants were included in two focus groups. The data was evaluated and content analysis was used to process the data. The findings confirm that both in the past and the present, the Roma community adopted the dominant religion of the host country. In the studied environments, the activities of the majority, present then and now in the Catholic Church, failed, and various other missionary movements, such as the Maranatha Mission, came to the fore. Membership in new religious movements resulted in social changes in marginalized Roma communities. However, they may not have only had positive effects. Various effects of their activities may be studied in the future.

Keywords: 18th century; 21st century; Roma; Slovakia; comparison; religion.

Figure 1

Slovakia, showing the Poprad district and research localities. Source: Google Maps, 2021 and the authors.

Figure 2

Data collection sites: integrated: Poprad, Spisska Teplica; separated: Vikartovce, Kravany; segregated: Hranovnica, Spisske Bystre. Source: Google Maps, 2021 and the authors.

Figure 3

The Growth of the Habsburg Empire (the red circle denotes where Augustini worked and lived; the blue circle indicates a part of Transylvania which he describes). Source: Kolbe, 2021 [25].