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Review
. 2022 Sep 10;23(18):10518.
doi: 10.3390/ijms231810518.

The Rheology and Physicochemical Characteristics of Hyaluronic Acid Fillers: Their Clinical Implications

Salvatore Piero Fundarò  1 , Giovanni Salti  2 , Dennis Malvin Hernandez Malgapo  3 , Silvia Innocenti  4
Affiliations
Review

The Rheology and Physicochemical Characteristics of Hyaluronic Acid Fillers: Their Clinical Implications

Salvatore Piero Fundarò et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers have become the most popular material for facial volume augmentation and wrinkle correction. Several filler brands are currently on the market all around the world and their features are extremely variable; for this reason, most users are unaware of their differences. The study of filler rheology has become a wellspring of knowledge, differentiating HA fillers, although these properties are not described thoroughly by the manufacturers. The authors of this review describe the more useful rheological properties that can help clinicians understand filler characteristics and the likely correlation of these features with clinical outcomes.

Keywords: hyaluronic acid fillers; physicochemical properties; rheology.

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Conflict of interest statement

S.P.F., G.S. and D.M.H.M have consultancy contracts with RELIFE S.r.l. S.I. is the Head of Scientific Affairs at RELIFE S.r.l.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Monophasic vs. biphasic fillers.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Diagram of HA crosslinking through (A) a crosslinker molecule linking two chains and (B) a crosslinker linked to only one chain. HA, hyaluronic acid (Reprinted from Ref. [25]).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Histologic findings in superficial and mid-reticular dermis in (A) a liquid gel (CPM technology) vs. (B) a more elastic gel (Vycross) at 15 days post-injection. Magnification ×12.5. Reprinted/adapted with permission from Ref. [68]. Copyright 2017, Matrix Medical Communications.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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