Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2022 Sep 16;23(18):10814.
doi: 10.3390/ijms231810814.

Dietary Risk Factors and Eating Behaviors in Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)

Affiliations
Review

Dietary Risk Factors and Eating Behaviors in Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)

Andrea Leonardo Cecchini et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Dietary risk factors play a fundamental role in the prevention and progression of atherosclerosis and PAD (Peripheral Arterial Disease). The impact of nutrition, however, defined as the process of taking in food and using it for growth, metabolism and repair, remains undefined with regard to PAD. This article describes the interplay between nutrition and the development/progression of PAD. We reviewed 688 articles, including key articles, narrative and systematic reviews, meta-analyses and clinical studies. We analyzed the interaction between nutrition and PAD predictors, and subsequently created four descriptive tables to summarize the relationship between PAD, dietary risk factors and outcomes. We comprehensively reviewed the role of well-studied diets (Mediterranean, vegetarian/vegan, low-carbohydrate ketogenic and intermittent fasting diet) and prevalent eating behaviors (emotional and binge eating, night eating and sleeping disorders, anorexia, bulimia, skipping meals, home cooking and fast/ultra-processed food consumption) on the traditional risk factors of PAD. Moreover, we analyzed the interplay between PAD and nutritional status, nutrients, dietary patterns and eating habits. Dietary patterns and eating disorders affect the development and progression of PAD, as well as its disabling complications including major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and major adverse limb events (MALE). Nutrition and dietary risk factor modification are important targets to reduce the risk of PAD as well as the subsequent development of MACE and MALE.

Keywords: diet; dietary risk factors; eating behaviors; eating disorders; food; lower extremity arterial disease; nutrition; peripheral artery disease of lower limbs; predictors.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Methods and study design.

Similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Downer S., Berkowitz S.A., Harlan T.S., Olstad D.L., Mozaffarian D. Food is medicine: Actions to integrate food and nutrition into healthcare. BMJ. 2020;369:m2482. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m2482. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Collaborators G.D. Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2019;393:1958–1972. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30041-8. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Virani S.S., Alonso A., Benjamin E.J., Bittencourt M.S., Callaway C.W., Carson A.P., Chamberlain A.M., Chang A.R., Cheng S., Delling F.N., et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2020 Update: A Report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020;141:e139–e596. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000757. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Kaneko H., Itoh H., Kiriyama H., Kamon T., Fujiu K., Morita K., Michihata N., Jo T., Takeda N., Morita H., et al. Possible association between eating behaviors and cardiovascular disease in the general population: Analysis of a nationwide epidemiological database. Atherosclerosis. 2021;320:79–85. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.01.022. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Viigimaa M., Sachinidis A., Toumpourleka M., Koutsampasopoulos K., Alliksoo S., Titma T. Macrovascular Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol. 2020;18:110–116. doi: 10.2174/1570161117666190405165151. - DOI - PubMed