Crosstalk between Glycogen-Selective Autophagy, Autophagy and Apoptosis as a Road towards Modifier Gene Discovery and New Therapeutic Strategies for Glycogen Storage Diseases

Abstract

Glycogen storage diseases (GSDs) are rare metabolic monogenic disorders characterized by an excessive accumulation of glycogen in the cell. However, monogenic disorders are not simple regarding genotype-phenotype correlation. Genes outside the major disease-causing locus could have modulatory effect on GSDs, and thus explain the genotype-phenotype inconsistencies observed in these patients. Nowadays, when the sequencing of all clinically relevant genes, whole human exomes, and even whole human genomes is fast, easily available and affordable, we have a scientific obligation to holistically analyze data and draw smarter connections between genotype and phenotype. Recently, the importance of glycogen-selective autophagy for the pathophysiology of disorders of glycogen metabolism have been described. Therefore, in this manuscript, we review the potential role of genes involved in glycogen-selective autophagy as modifiers of GSDs. Given the small number of genes associated with glycogen-selective autophagy, we also include genes, transcription factors, and non-coding RNAs involved in autophagy. A cross-link with apoptosis is addressed. All these genes could be analyzed in GSD patients with unusual discrepancies between genotype and phenotype in order to discover genetic variants potentially modifying their phenotype. The discovery of modifier genes related to glycogen-selective autophagy and autophagy will start a new chapter in understanding of GSDs and enable the usage of autophagy-inducing drugs for the treatment of this group of rare-disease patients.

Keywords: apoptosis; autophagy; autophagy-inducing drugs; glycogen storage diseases; glycogen-selective autophagy; modifier genes.

Figure 1

Protein–protein interaction network between STBD1, GABARAPL1 and GAA has been developed using STRING, a database of known and predicted protein–protein interactions.

Figure 2

Relation between genes involved in glycogen-selective autophagy and autophagy, genes shared with apoptotic pathway, and genes encoding regulatory factors, such as transcription factors and non-coding RNA (miRNAs, lncRNA and circRNA) as a complex network for the discovery of modifier genes and new therapeutic strategies for glycogen storage diseases.