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Review
. 2022 Aug 30;58(9):1186.
doi: 10.3390/medicina58091186.

Intermediate-Risk Pulmonary Embolism: A Review of Contemporary Diagnosis, Risk Stratification and Management

Akshay Machanahalli Balakrishna  1 , Vuha Reddi  2 , Peter Matthew Belford  3 , Manrique Alvarez  3 , Wissam A Jaber  4 , David X Zhao  3 , Saraschandra Vallabhajosyula  3   5
Affiliations
Review

Intermediate-Risk Pulmonary Embolism: A Review of Contemporary Diagnosis, Risk Stratification and Management

Akshay Machanahalli Balakrishna et al. Medicina (Kaunas). .

Abstract

Pulmonary embolism (PE) can have a wide range of hemodynamic effects, from asymptomatic to a life-threatening medical emergency. Pulmonary embolism (PE) is associated with high mortality and requires careful risk stratification for individualized management. PE is divided into three risk categories: low risk, intermediate-risk, and high risk. In terms of initial therapeutic choice and long-term management, intermediate-risk (or submassive) PE remains the most challenging subtype. The definitions, classifications, risk stratification, and management options of intermediate-risk PE are discussed in this review.

Keywords: biomarkers; intermediate risk; management; pulmonary embolism; risk stratification; sub-massive.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Approach to risk stratification and risk-based management of hemodynamically stable acute PE syndromes. BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; CT: computed tomogram; PE: pulmonary embolism; PESI: Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index; RV: right ventricular; sPESI: simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index; tPA: tissue plasminogen activator.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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