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. 2022 Sep 15;27(18):6028.
doi: 10.3390/molecules27186028.

Elicitor-Induced VOC Emission by Grapevine Leaves: Characterisation in the Vineyard

Christelle Lemaitre-Guillier  1 , Agnès Chartier  2 , Christelle Dufresne  2 , Antonin Douillet  3 , Stéphanie Cluzet  4 , Josep Valls  4 , Nicolas Aveline  3 , Xavier Daire  1 , Marielle Adrian  1
Affiliations

Elicitor-Induced VOC Emission by Grapevine Leaves: Characterisation in the Vineyard

Christelle Lemaitre-Guillier et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

The present study is aimed at determining whether leaf volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are good markers of the grapevine response to defence elicitors in the field. It was carried out in two distinct French vineyards (Burgundy and Bordeaux) over 3 years. The commercial elicitor Bastid® (Syngenta, Saint-Sauveur, France) (COS-OGA) was first used to optimise the VOCs' capture in the field; by bagging stems together with a stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) sensor. Three elicitors (Bastid®, copper sulphate and methyl jasmonate) were assessed at three phenological stages of the grapevines by monitoring stilbene phytoalexins and VOCs. Stilbene production was low and variable between treatments and phenological stages. VOCs-particularly terpenes-were induced by all elicitors. However, the response profiles depended on the type of elicitor, the phenological stage and the vineyard, and no sole common VOC was found. The levels of VOC emissions discriminated between weak (Bastid® and copper sulphate) and strong (methyl jasmonate) inducers. Ocimene isomers were constitutively present in the overall blends of the vineyards and increased by the elicitors' treatments, whilst other VOCs were newly released throughout the growing seasons. Nonetheless, the plant development and climate factors undoubtedly influenced the release and profiles of the leaf VOCs.

Keywords: elicitor; grapevine; stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE); vineyard; volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Quantification of phenolics in elicitor-treated grapevine leaves. Experiments were performed in Burgundy (cv. Chardonnay) and Bordeaux (cv. Cabernet franc) vineyards at three phenological stages of grapevine in 2019. Treatments: H2O (control) (white), Bastid® (black), MeJA (grey) and CuSO4 (dotted grey). Catechin, epicatechin, cis- and trans-piceids were identified and quantified by LC-MS analysis. Concentrations were averaged from 3 replicates and adjusted to the dry weight (DW) of green leaf powder. Phenological stages: pre-blossom: PB, fruit-set: FS and bunch-closure: BC. D2 and D7: samples collected at two- and seven-days post treatment, respectively. Significance p value: 0 < *** < 0.001 < ** < 0.01.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Devices and modes of VOC collection. One SBSE Twister™ was entrapped in a tea ball (left picture), and the device was placed either in the foliage (open-air: OA mode) (middle picture) or enclosed in a bag clipped on a vine shoot (BAG mode) (red arrow, right picture).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Intensity and diversity of VOCs collected by three collection methods. Three different modes of VOC collection—open-air (OA), open-air cumulated (OA-CUMUL) or bagged (BAG)—were compared in 2017 and 2018 in two vineyards (Burgundy, cv. Chardonnay, Bordeaux, cv. Cabernet franc). (A) Sums of the peak area intensities calculated from H2O-treated grapevines at three phenological stages (pre-blossom: PB; fruit-set: FS and bunch-closure: BC). (B) Distribution of the 100 most counted elemental formulas recorded from Bastid®- and H2O-treated vines. Vineyards: Bordeaux: BDX; Burgundy: BDY.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Intensities of the TOP10 VOCs. Peak area intensity values of the TOP10 VOCs detected in Burgundy (cv. Chardonnay) and Bordeaux (cv. Cabernet franc) vineyards in 2019 on D3 and D5 (three- and five-days post treatment) at three phenological stages of grapevine: pre-blossom: PB; fruit-set: FS and bunch-closure: BC. Grapevines were treated with H2O (control) or the elicitors Bastid®, MeJA and CuSO4.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Principal component analysis (PCA) of total terpenes emission in the vineyards in 2019. Values correspond to the sum of mono- or sesquiterpenes detected in response to Bastid® treatment at two time points and at three phenological stages of grapevines in Burgundy (cv. Chardonnay) and Bordeaux (cv. Cabernet franc) vineyards.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Impact of climate parameters on terpene detection on H2O-treated grapevines. Grapevine terpenes were analysed three- and/or five-days post treatment with H2O (control). Values for terpenes correspond to peak area values from Burgundy (cv. Chardonnay) and Bordeaux (cv. Cabernet franc) vineyards in 2019. Collection days and phenological stages of grapevines (pre-blossom: PB; fruit-set: FS, bunch-closure: BC) are indicated above the climate parameters for each vineyard (Burgundy: BDY; Bordeaux: BDX). The shapes of the tendency curves were chosen to best fit the point values.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Impact of mean temperature and relative humidity on the detection of targeted monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and “Other VOCs” induced by elicitors. The graphs were built from 2019 data. Grapevine emission of terpenes analysed three- and five-days post treatment with H2O (control) or an elicitor of plant defence (Bastid®, MeJA or CuSO4) at three phenological stages of grapevines (pre-blossom, fruit-set, bunch-closure) in Burgundy (cv. Chardonnay) and Bordeaux (cv. Cabernet franc) vineyards. Values correspond to VOC peak intensities and the shapes of the tendency curves were chosen to best fit the point values.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Experimental design. Experiments were conducted in Burgundy (cv. Chardonnay) and Bordeaux (cv. Cabernet Franc) vineyards at three phenological stages of grapevines in 2017, 2018 and 2019. Vines were treated with water (control) or an elicitor twice at seven days interval before the start of the experiment (D0). VOCs were collected on SBSE sensors at 3 time points (D3, D5 and D7). The leaves used for phenolics analyses were picked on D2 and D7. *: not in 2019.
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