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Review
. 2022 Sep 13;12(18):3181.
doi: 10.3390/nano12183181.

Modern Synthesis and Sintering Techniques of Calcium Copper Titanium Oxide (CaCu3Ti4O12) Ceramics and Its Current Trend in Prospective Applications: A Mini-Review

Gecil Evangeline T  1 , A Raja Annamalai  1 , T Bonnisa Magdaline  2   3
Affiliations
Review

Modern Synthesis and Sintering Techniques of Calcium Copper Titanium Oxide (CaCu3Ti4O12) Ceramics and Its Current Trend in Prospective Applications: A Mini-Review

Gecil Evangeline T et al. Nanomaterials (Basel). .

Abstract

Calcium Copper Titanium Oxide (CaCu3Ti4O12/CCTO) has grasped massive attention for its colossal dielectric constant in high operating frequencies and wide temperature range. However, the synthesis and processing of CCTO directly influence the material's properties, imparting the overall performance. Researchers have extensively probed into these downsides, but the need for a new and novel approach has been in high demand. Modern synthesis routes and advanced non-conventional sintering techniques have been employed to curb the drawbacks for better properties and performance. This review provides a short overview of the modern synthesis and sintering methods that utilize direct pulse current and electromagnetic waves to improve the material's electrical, optical, and dielectric properties in the best ways possible. In addition, the current application of CCTO as a photocatalyst under visible light and CuO's role in the efficient degradation of pollutants in replacement for other metal oxides has been reviewed. This research also provides a brief overview of using CCTO as a photoelectrode in zinc-air batteries (ZAB) to improve the Oxidation-reduction and evolution (ORR/OER) reactions.

Keywords: Calcium Copper Titanium Oxide; dielectric properties; photocatalyst; sintering techniques; synthesis routes; zinc–air batteries.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 13
Figure 13
Schematic representation of (a) paper-based battery and (b) Zinc–air battery.
Figure 1
Figure 1
Flowchart of microwave synthesis of CCTO from (a) solid state precursors (b) Sol–gel precursors.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Flowchart of Molten Salt Synthesis.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Schematic representation of microwave flash combustion method for production of CCTO powder (50–70 nm).
Figure 4
Figure 4
TEM images of (a–d) selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern of CCTO [36].
Figure 5
Figure 5
FE SEM images of samples sintered at (a) 1050 °C/2 h, (b) 1050 °C/4 h, (c) 1050 °C/12 h, (d) 1100 °C/2 h, (e) 1100 °C/4 h, (f) 1100 °C/12 h [9].
Figure 5
Figure 5
FE SEM images of samples sintered at (a) 1050 °C/2 h, (b) 1050 °C/4 h, (c) 1050 °C/12 h, (d) 1100 °C/2 h, (e) 1100 °C/4 h, (f) 1100 °C/12 h [9].
Figure 6
Figure 6
SEM images of CCTO powders obtained by calcination at (a) 700 °C, (b) 750 °C, (c) 800 °C, (d) 850 °C, (e) 900 °C and (f) 1000 °C by Wang et al. [40].
Figure 6
Figure 6
SEM images of CCTO powders obtained by calcination at (a) 700 °C, (b) 750 °C, (c) 800 °C, (d) 850 °C, (e) 900 °C and (f) 1000 °C by Wang et al. [40].
Figure 7
Figure 7
Proposed scheme of grain growth mechanism reported by Guillaume Riquet et al. [39].
Figure 8
Figure 8
Schematic representation of (a) Spark Plasma Sintering (b) Mechanism of SPS.
Figure 9
Figure 9
SEM images of (a) CCTO powders and CCTO samples sintered by SPS at (b) 800 °C, (c) 850 °C, (d) 900 °C [20].
Figure 10
Figure 10
Schematic representation of Microwave sintering.
Figure 11
Figure 11
SEM images of sintered pellets from MS and CS powder [23].
Figure 12
Figure 12
FESEM surface images of MW-sintered CCTO for 120 min that was pre-sintered at 1000 °C/10 h using a conventional furnace [73].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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