Role of Immune Cells and Receptors in Cancer Treatment: An Immunotherapeutic Approach

Abstract

Cancer immunotherapy moderates the immune system's ability to fight cancer. Due to its extreme complexity, scientists are working to put together all the puzzle pieces to get a clearer picture of the immune system. Shreds of available evidence show the connection between cancer and the immune system. Immune responses to tumors and lymphoid malignancies are influenced by B cells, γδT cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells (DCs). Cancer immunotherapy, which encompasses adoptive cancer therapy, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), immune checkpoint therapy, and CART cells, has revolutionized contemporary cancer treatment. This article reviews recent developments in immune cell regulation and cancer immunotherapy. Various options are available to treat many diseases, particularly cancer, due to the progress in various immunotherapies, such as monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, vaccinations (both preventative and curative), cellular immunotherapies, and cytokines.

Keywords: CART cell; cancer; checkpoints; combination therapy; immune cells; immunotherapy; monoclonal Abs.

Figure 1

The various available immunotherapy treatments, such as immunoadjuvants with nanoparticles, radiation, chemotherapy, redox-mediated therapy, heat-shock proteins, exosomes, and TLR agonists, that act upon tumor cells, leading to the activation of T cells and suppressing tumor cell growth.

Figure 2

The mechanistic role of activated NK cells in cancer cell apoptosisincludes the activation of the Fas-mediated signaling pathway, inhibition of angiogenesis, high expression of CD16 cytokines, and transformation of NK cells to lymphokine-activated cells.